Editing Andes (section)

===Orogeny===
{{main|Andean orogeny}}
The western rim of the [[South American Plate]] has been the place of several pre-Andean [[orogeny|orogenies]] since at least the late [[Proterozoic]] and early [[Paleozoic]], when several [[terrane]]s and [[microcontinent]]s collided and amalgamated with the ancient [[craton]]s of eastern South America, by then the [[South American Plate|South American part]] of [[Gondwana]].

The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the [[Triassic]], when [[Pangaea]] began the breakup that resulted in developing several [[rift]]s. The development continued through the [[Jurassic]] Period. It was during the [[Cretaceous]] Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the [[Tectonic uplift|uplifting]], [[Fault (geology)|faulting]], and [[Fold (geology)|folding]] of [[sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant, as different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and [[erosion]].

Across the {{convert|1000|km|mi|-wide|sp=us|adj=mid}} [[Drake Passage]] lie the mountains of the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] south of the [[Scotia Plate]], which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.

The far east regions of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny. Parts of the [[Sunsás orogeny|Sunsás Orogen]] in [[Amazonian craton]] disappeared from the surface of the earth, being [[thrust fault|overridden]] by the Andes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=J.O.S. |last2=Rizzotto |first2=G.J. |last4=McNaughton |first4=N.J. |last3=Potter |first3=P.E. |last5=Matos |first5=R.S. |last6=Hartmann |first6=L.A. |last7=Chemale Jr. |first7=F. |last8=Quadros |first8=M.E.S. |date=2008 |title=Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology |journal=[[Precambrian Research]] |volume=165 |issue=3–4 |pages=120–152 |doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.009 |bibcode=2008PreR..165..120S}}</ref> The [[Sierras de Córdoba]], where the effects of the ancient [[Pampean orogeny]] can be observed, owe their modern uplift and relief to the [[Andean orogeny]] in the [[Tertiary]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rapela |first1=C.W. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J |last3=Casquet |first3=C. |last4=Baldo |first4=E. |last5=Saavedra |first5=J. |last6=Galindo |first6=C. |last7=Fanning |first7=C.M. |author-link2=Robert John Pankhurst |date=1998 |editor2-last=Rapela |editor2-first=C.W. |editor1-last=Pankhurst |editor1-first=R.J |chapter=The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba |chapter-url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/142/1/181.full.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/142/1/181.full.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana |series=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=181–217 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.142.01.10 |s2cid=128814617 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> Further south in southern [[Patagonia]], the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the [[Magallanes Basin]] to evolve from being an [[extensional tectonics|extensional]] [[back-arc basin]] in the [[Mesozoic]] to being a contractional [[Andean Foreland Basin|foreland basin]] in the [[Cenozoic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=T.J. |date=1991 |title=Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=98–111 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2 |bibcode=1991GSAB..103...98W}}</ref>