Editing Anatolian languages (section)

=== Phonology ===
The phonology of the Anatolian languages preserves distinctions lost in its sister branches of Indo-European. Famously, the Anatolian languages retain the PIE [[laryngeal theory|laryngeals]] in words such as Hittite {{lang|hit|ḫāran-}} (cf. [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὄρνῑς}}, [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] {{lang|lt|eręlis}}, [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|ǫrn}}, PIE '''{{PIE|*h₃éron-}}''') and Lycian {{lang|xlc|𐊜𐊒𐊄𐊀|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|xlc|χuga}} (cf. [[Latin]] {{lang|la|avus}}, [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] {{lang|prg|awis}}, [[Primitive Irish|Archaic Irish]] {{lang|pgl|ᚐᚃᚔ}} ({{Transliteration|pgl|avi}}), PIE '''{{PIE|*h₂éwh₂s}}'''). The three dorsal consonant series of PIE also remained distinct in Proto-Anatolian and have different reflexes in the Luwic languages, e.g. Luwian where '''{{PIE|*kʷ}}''' > {{lang|xlu|ku-}}, '''{{PIE|*k}}''' > {{lang|xlu|k-}}, and '''{{PIE|*ḱ}}''' > ''{{lang|xlu|z-}}.''<ref name=":0" /> The three-way distinction in Proto-Indo-European stops (i.e. '''{{PIE|*p}}, {{PIE|*b}}, {{PIE|*bʰ}}''') collapsed into a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis-lenis]] distinction in Proto-Anatolian, conventionally written as '''{{IPA|/p/}}''' vs. '''{{IPA|/b/}}'''. In Hittite and Luwian cuneiform, the lenis stops were written as single voiceless consonants while the fortis stops were written as doubled voiceless, indicating a [[Gemination|geminated]] pronunciation. By the first millennium, the lenis consonants seem to have been [[Lenition|spirantized]] in Lydian, Lycian, and Carian.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melchert |first=Harold Craig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQowuFZeLUC&q=anatolian+lenis+spirantized&pg=PA21 |title=Anatolian Historical Phonology |date=1994 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=9789051836974 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

The Proto-Anatolian laryngeal consonant *H patterned with the stops in fortition and lenition and appears as geminated {{Transliteration|Xsux|-ḫḫ-|italic=no}} or plain {{Transliteration|Xsux|-ḫ-|italic=no}} in cuneiform. Reflexes of *H in Hittite are interpreted as pharyngeal fricatives and those in Luwian as uvular fricatives based on loans in Ugaritic and Egyptian, as well as vowel-coloring effects. The laryngeals were lost in Lydian but became Lycian {{lang|xlc|𐊐|italic=no}} ({{Transliteration|xlc|χ}}) and Carian {{lang|xcr|𐊼|italic=no}} ({{Transliteration|xcr|k}}), both pronounced [k], as well as [[Labialized velar consonant|labiovelars]] —Lycian {{lang|xlc|𐊌|italic=no}} ({{Transliteration|xlc|q}}), Carian {{lang|xcr|𐊴|italic=no}} ({{Transliteration|xcr|q}})—when labialized. Suggestions for their realization in Proto-Anatolian include [[Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal fricatives]], uvular fricatives, or [[uvular stop]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melchert |first=Harold Craig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQowuFZeLUC&q=pharyngeal&pg=PA22 |title=Anatolian Historical Phonology |date=1994 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=9789051836974 |pages=22 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kloekhorst |first=Alwin |date=2018 |title=Anatolian Evidence Suggests that the Indo-European Laryngeals *h2 and *h3 Were Uvular Stops |url=https://www.academia.edu/37962233 |journal=Indo-European Linguistics |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=69–94 |doi=10.1163/22125892-00601003 |doi-access=free|hdl=1887/81567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>