Editing An American in Paris (section)

==Instrumentation==
''An American in Paris'' was originally scored for 3 [[Western concert flute|flute]]s (3rd doubling on [[piccolo]]), 2 [[oboe]]s, [[English horn]], 2 [[clarinet]]s in [[soprano clarinet|B-flat]], [[bass clarinet]] in B-flat, 2 [[bassoon]]s, 4 [[French horn|horns]] in F, 3 [[trumpet]]s in B-flat, 3 [[trombone]]s, [[tuba]], [[timpani]], [[snare drum]], [[bass drum]], [[Triangle (musical instrument)|triangle]], [[Woodblock (instrument)|wood block]], [[Ratchet (instrument)|ratchet]], [[cymbal]]s, low and high [[Tom-tom drum|tom-toms]], [[xylophone]], [[glockenspiel]], [[celesta]], 4 [[vehicle horn|taxi horns]] labeled as A, B, C, and D with circles around them (but tuned as follows: A=Ab, B=Bb, C=D, and D=low A), [[alto saxophone]], [[tenor saxophone]], [[baritone saxophone]] (all doubling [[soprano saxophone|soprano]] and alto saxophones), and [[String section|strings]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/47d1f79a-8ea6-4aba-964f-989cb5dc2cd7/fullview#page/4/mode/2up|title=George Gershwin: An American in Paris (original score)|website=New York Philharmonic Archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200637/http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/47d1f79a-8ea6-4aba-964f-989cb5dc2cd7/fullview#page/4/mode/2up|archive-date=September 4, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=September 4, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.schott-music.com/en/preview/viewer/index/?idx=MjUxMDQx&idy=251041&dl=0|title=An American in Paris|author=George Gershwin|year=1930|type=full orchestral score|publisher=[[Chappell & Co.]]|location=London|access-date=2023-07-25|via=[[Schott Music]]}}</ref> Although most modern audiences have heard the taxi horns using the incorrect notes of A, B, C, and D, it had been Gershwin's intention to use the notes A{{Music|flat}}<sub>[[Scientific pitch notation|4]]</sub>, B{{Music|flat}}<sub>4</sub>, D<sub>5</sub>, and A<sub>3</sub>.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/02/theater/have-we-been-playing-gershwin-wrong-for-70-years.html|title=Have We Been Playing Gershwin Wrong for 70 Years?|last=Cooper |first=Michael |date=March 1, 2016|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 6, 2016 }}</ref> It is likely that in labeling the taxi horns as A, B, C, and D with circles, he was referring to the four horns, and not the notes that they played. The correct tuning of the horns in sequence = D horn = low Ab, A horn = Ab an octave higher, B horn = Bb just above the Ab, and C horn = high D above the Bb. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.music.umich.edu/ami/gershwin/?p=715 |last=Clague |first=Mark |title=1929 Gershwin Taxi Horn Photo Clarifies Mystery|publisher=[[University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance]]|date=March 5, 2016|access-date=April 6, 2016 }}</ref>

A major revision of the work by composer and arranger F. Campbell-Watson simplified the instrumentation by reducing the saxophones to only three instruments: alto, tenor and baritone; the soprano and alto saxophone doublings were eliminated to avoid changing instruments.{{efn|1=Compare the original 1930 publication and Frank Campbell-Watson revision, both published by [[New World Music]] Corporation (New York); the date on both publications is 1930, although the revision is ca. 1942. The original is reprinted by Musikproduktion Hoeflich (Munich), Repertoire Explorer No. 4007 (2018), although James Dalton's preface incorrectly states this reprint has the Campbell-Watson revisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de/wp-content/uploads/vorworte_prefaces/4007.html|title=George Gershwin – ''An American in Paris'' – Preface|author=James Dalton|date=2018|access-date=July 25, 2022|website=repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de}}</ref> The relevant saxophone passages may be found on pages 76–94 in both scores.}} This became the standard performing edition until 2000, when Gershwin specialist [[Jack Gibbons]] made his own restoration of the original orchestration of ''An American in Paris'', working directly from Gershwin's original manuscript, including the restoration of Gershwin's soprano saxophone parts removed in Campbell-Watson's revision.<ref name="gibbons">{{cite web|url= http://www.jackgibbons.com/reviews.htm|title=Musical Opinion review of Gershwin Spectacular|access-date=June 28, 2017 }}</ref> Gibbons' restored orchestration of ''An American in Paris'' was performed at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall on July 9, 2000, by the City of Oxford Orchestra conducted by Levon Parikian.<ref name="gibbons"/>

[[William Merrigan Daly|William Daly]] arranged the score for piano solo; this was published by New World Music in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ljms.org/directory/ |title=CMS: ''An American in Paris'' Program Notes |last=Rodda |first=Richard E. |date=2013 |website=La Jolla Music Society |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075416/https://ljms.org/directory |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.free-scores.com/download-sheet-music.php?pdf=82579 |title=Free sheet music : Gershwin, George – ''An American in Paris'' (Piano solo) |website=www.free-scores.com |access-date=December 11, 2018 }}</ref>