Editing Afonso de Albuquerque (section)

==Second expedition to India, 1506–1509==
=== Return, 1506 ===
[[File:Cantinomap redsea persiangulf.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] showing the [[Red Sea]] with [[Socotra]] island (red) and the [[Persian Gulf]] (blue) with the [[Strait of Hormuz]] ([[Cantino planisphere]], 1502)]]
Albuquerque returned home in July 1504 and was well received by King Manuel I. After he assisted with the creation of a strategy for the Portuguese efforts in the east, King Manuel entrusted him with the command of a squadron of five vessels in the fleet of sixteen sailing for India in early 1506, headed by [[Tristão da Cunha]].<ref name=Chisholm /> The aim of the expedition was to conquer [[Socotra]] and build a fortress there, hoping to close the trade in the Red Sea.

Albuquerque went as "chief-captain for the [[Arabian Peninsula|Coast of Arabia]]", sailing under da Cunha's orders until reaching Mozambique.<ref>Diogo do Couto, ''Décadas da Ásia'', década X, livro I</ref> He carried a sealed letter with a secret mission ordered by the king: after fulfilling the first mission, he was to replace the first viceroy of India, [[Francisco de Almeida]], whose term ended two years later.<ref name="Foundations">{{harvnb|Diffie|Winius|Shafer|1977|pp=239–260}}</ref> Before departing, he legitimized his son Brás ("Braz" in the old Portuguese spelling), born to a common Portuguese woman named Joana Vicente in 1500.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanceau |first=Elaine |title=Indies Adventure: The Amazing Career of Afonso de Albuquerque, Captain-general and Governor of India (1509–1515) |publisher=Blackie |year=1936}}</ref>

===First conquest of Socotra, Muscat and Ormuz, 1507===
{{main|Capture of Ormuz (1507)}}
The fleet left Lisbon on 6 April 1506. Albuquerque piloted his ship himself, having lost his appointed pilot on departure. In [[Juan de Nova Island|Mozambique Channel]], they rescued Captain [[João da Nova]], who had encountered difficulties on his return from India; da Nova and his ship, the ''[[Flor de la Mar|Flor de la mar]]'', joined da Cunha's fleet.<ref name="Commentaries of the Great Afonso">{{Cite book |last1=de Albuquerque |first1=Afonso |title=Commentaries of the Great Afonso |last2=Birch |first2=Walter de Gray |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-206-1514-4 |volume=1–4}}</ref> From [[Malindi]], da Cunha sent envoys to [[Ethiopia]], which at the time was thought to be closer to India than it actually is, under the aegis of Albuquerque. After failing to reach Ethiopia, he managed to land the envoys in [[Cape Guardafui|Filuk]].<ref name="Stones">{{harvnb|Hespeler-Boultbee|2006|p=178}}</ref> After successful attacks on Arab cities on the East African coast, the expedition conquered the island of [[Socotra]] and built a fortress at Suq, hoping to establish a base to stop the Red Sea commerce to the Indian Ocean. However, Socotra was abandoned four years later, as it was eventually realised to be a poor location for a base.<ref name="Foundations" />
[[File:Portuguese Castle (Hormuz).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Fort of Our Lady of the Conception in Hormoz island|Fort of Our Lady of the Conception]], [[Hormuz Island]], [[Iran]]]]
At Socotra, they parted ways: Tristão da Cunha sailed for India, where he would relieve the Portuguese [[Siege of Cannanore (1507)|besieged at Cannanore]], while Afonso took seven ships and 500 men to [[Ormuz]] in the [[Persian Gulf]], one of the chief eastern centers of commerce. On his way, he conquered the cities of Curiati (Kuryat), [[Capture of Muscat (1507)|Muscat]] in July 1507, and [[Khor Fakkan]], accepting the submission of the cities of Kalhat and [[Sohar]]. He arrived at [[Ormus|Hormuz]] on 25 September and soon [[Capture of Ormuz (1507)|captured the city]], which agreed to become a tributary state of the Portuguese king.<ref>{{harvnb|Crowley|2015|page=195–199}}</ref>
[[File:Afonso de Albuquerque Lisboa.jpg|thumb|Statue of Afonso de Albuquerque, symbolically standing on a stack of weapons, referencing his reply in Hormuz]]
Ormuz was then a tributary state of [[Shah]] [[Ismail I]] ({{Reign|1501|1524}}) of [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Persia]]. In a famous episode, shortly after its conquest, Albuquerque was confronted by Persian envoys, who demanded the payment of the due tribute from him instead. He ordered them to be given a stock of cannonballs, arrows and weapons, retorting that "such was the currency struck in Portugal to pay the tribute demanded from the dominions of King Manuel".<ref>In Portuguese: ''[...]mandando-lhe dizer que aquela era a moeda que se lavrava em Portugal pera pagar páreas àqueles que as pediam aos lugares e senhorios del-rei Dom Manuel, rei de Portugal e senhor das Índias e do reino de Ormuz.'' in Fernão Lopes de Castanheda (1554)
[https://archive.org/stream/historiadodescob01castuoft#page/210/mode/2up ''Historia do descobrimento e conquista de India pelos Portugueses''] Volume II, pg.211</ref> According to Brás de Albuquerque, it was Shah Ismael who first addressed Albuquerque as "Lion of the seas".<ref name="Commentaries of the Great Afonso" />

Afonso began building the [[Fort of Our Lady of the Conception in Hormoz island|Fort of Our Lady of Victory]] (later renamed Fort of Our Lady of the Conception)<ref>{{cite book|first=Laraine Newhouse|last=Carter|title=Persian Gulf States | chapter= Chapter 1B. The Gulf During the Medieval Period|series=Countries of the World|publisher=Bureau Development, Inc.|year= 1991}}</ref> on Hormuz Island, engaging his men of all ranks in the work.<ref>{{harvnb|Crowley|2015|pp=199–200}}</ref> However, some of his officers, claiming that Afonso was exceeding his orders, revolted against the heavy work and climate and departed for India. With his fleet reduced to two ships and left without supplies, he was unable to maintain his position. In January 1508, he was forced to abandon Ormuz. He raided coastal villages to resupply the settlement of Socotra, returned to Ormuz, and then headed to India.<ref>{{harvnb|Crowley|2015|pp=200–201}}</ref>

===Arrest at Cannanore, 1509===
Afonso arrived at [[Kannur|Cannanore]] on the [[Malabarian Coast|Malabar coast]] in December 1508, where he opened the sealed letter that he had received from the king before the viceroy, Dom Francisco de Almeida, which named him as governor to succeed Almeida.<ref name="Foundations" /> The viceroy, supported by the officers who had abandoned Afonso at Ormuz, had a matching royal order but declined to yield. He protested that his term ended only in January and stated his intention to avenge his son's death by fighting the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] fleet of [[Mirocem]], refusing Afonso's offer to fight the Mamluk fleet himself. Afonso avoided confrontation, which could have led to civil war, and moved to [[Kochi, India]], to await further instruction from the king. Increasingly isolated, he wrote to [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]], who arrived in India with a new fleet, but was ignored as Sequeira joined Almeida. At the same time, Afonso refused approaches from opponents of Almeida who encouraged him to seize power.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Fernão Lopes |last1=de Castanheda |title=Historia do Descobrimento e Conquista da India pelos Portugueses |url=https://archive.org/details/historiadodesco08castgoog |year=1833 |publisher=Typographia Rollandiana}}</ref>

On 3 February 1509, Almeida fought the naval [[Battle of Diu]] against a joint fleet of [[Burji dynasty|Mamluks]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], and the [[Mahmud Begada|Sultan of Gujarat]]. His victory was decisive: the Ottomans and Mamluks abandoned the Indian Ocean, easing the way for Portuguese rule there for the next century. In August, after a petition from Afonso's former officers with the support of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira claiming him unfit for governance, Afonso was sent in custody to [[St. Angelo Fort]] in [[Kannur district|Cannanore]].<ref>{{harvnb|Stephens|1897|pp=61–62}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Whitewayy|1995|p=126}}</ref> There he remained under what he considered as imprisonment.