Editing Aerospace (section)

==Technology==

Multiple [[technologies]] and [[innovation]]s are used in aerospace, many of them pioneered around [[World War II]]:<ref name=AvWeek6may2016>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/future-aerospace/top-technologies-protecting-pilot-keeping-it-together |title= Top Technologies: 'Protecting the Pilot' to 'Keeping It Together' |date= May 6, 2016 |author1= James R. Asker |author2=John Croft |author3=Guy Norris |author4=Graham Warwick |work= Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>
* patented by [[Short Brothers]], <!--Short Folder: 1913--> [[folding wings]] optimise [[aircraft carrier]] storage from a simple fold to the entire rotating wing of the [[V-22]], and the {{cvt|12|ft}} wingtip fold of the [[Boeing 777X]] for airport compatibility.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* To improve low-speed performance, a [[de Havilland DH4]] was modified by [[Handley Page]] to a monoplane with [[high-lift device]]s: full-span [[leading-edge slat]]s and trailing-edge [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s; in 1924, [[Fowler flaps]] that extend backward and downward were invented in the US, and used on the [[Lockheed Model 10 Electra]] while in 1943 forward-hinged leading-edge [[Krueger flap]]s were invented in Germany and later used on the [[Boeing 707]].<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* The 1927 large Propeller Research Tunnel at NACA [[Langley Research Center|Langley]] confirmed that the [[landing gear]] was a major source of drag, in 1930 the [[Boeing Monomail]] featured a retractable gear.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* The [[flush rivet]] displaced the domed rivet in the 1930s and pneumatic [[rivet gun]]s work in combination with a heavy reaction [[bucking bar]]; not depending on plastic deformation, specialist rivets were developed to improve fatigue life as [[Shear joint|shear fastener]]s like the Hi-Lok, threaded pins tightened until a collar breaks off with enough torque.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* First flown in 1935, the [[Queen Bee (aircraft)|Queen Bee]] was a [[radio-controlled]] target [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] derived from the [[Tiger Moth]] for [[Flak]] training; the [[Ryan Firebee]] was a jet-powered target drone developed into long-range reconnaissance UAVs: the [[Ryan Model 147]] Fire Fly and Lightning Bug; the Israeli [[IAI Scout]] and [[Tadiran Mastiff]] launched a line of [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle|battlefield UAV]]s including the [[IAI Searcher]]; developed from the [[General Atomics Gnat]] long-endurance UAV for the CIA, the [[MQ-1 Predator]] led to the armed [[MQ-9 Reaper]].<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* At the end of World War I, piston engine power could be boosted by compressing intake air with a compressor, also compensating for decreasing air density with altitude, improved with 1930s [[turbocharger]]s for the [[Boeing B-17]] <!--First flight: 28 July 1935--> and the first pressurized airliners.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* The 1937 [[Hindenburg disaster]] ended the era of passenger [[airship]]s but the US Navy used airships for [[anti-submarine warfare]] and [[airborne early warning]] into the 1960s, while small airships continue to be used for aerial advertising, sightseeing flights, surveillance and research, and the [[Airlander 10]] or the [[Lockheed Martin LMH-1]] continue to be developed.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* As US airlines were interested in high-altitude flying in the mid-1930s, the [[Lockheed XC-35]] with a [[pressurized cabin]] was tested in 1937 and the [[Boeing 307 Stratoliner]] would be the first pressurized airliner to enter commercial service.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In 1933, [[Plexiglas]], a transparent Acrylic plastic, was introduced in Germany and shortly before World War II, was first used for aircraft windshields as it is lighter than glass, and the bubble canopy improved fighter pilots visibility.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In January 1930, [[Royal Air Force]] pilot and engineer [[Frank Whittle]] filed a patent for a [[gas turbine]] aircraft engine with an inlet, compressor, combustor, turbine and nozzle, while an independent [[turbojet]] was developed by researcher [[Hans von Ohain]] in Germany; both engines ran within weeks in early 1937 and the [[Heinkel HeS 3]]-propelled [[Heinkel He 178]] experimental aircraft made its first flight on Aug 27, 1939 while the [[Whittle W.1]]-powered [[Gloster E.28/39]] prototype flew on May 15, 1941.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In 1935, Britain demonstrated aircraft [[radio detection and ranging]] and in 1940 the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] introduced the first [[Very high frequency|VHF]] airborne radars on [[Bristol Blenheim]]s, then higher-resolution [[microwave]]-frequency radar with a [[cavity magnetron]] on [[Bristol Beaufighter]]s in 1941, and in 1959 the radar-homing Hughes [[AIM-4 Falcon]] became the first US [[guided missile]] on the [[Convair F-106]].<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In the early 1940s, British Hurricane and Spitfire pilots wore [[g-suit]]s to prevent [[G-LOC]] due to blood pooling in the lower body in [[high g]] situations; [[Mayo Clinic]] researchers developed air-filled bladders to replace water-filled bladders and in 1943 the US military began using [[pressure suit]]s from the [[David Clark Company]].<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* The modern [[ejection seat]] was developed during World War II, a seat on rails ejected by rockets before deploying a parachute,<!-- first escape: 13 January 1942--> which could have been enhanced by the USAF in the late 1960s as a turbojet-powered autogyro with 50&nbsp;nm of range, the [[Kaman KSA-100 SAVER]].<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In 1942, [[numerical control]] machining was conceived by machinist [[John T. Parsons]] to cut complex structures from solid blocks of alloy, rather than assembling them, improving quality, reducing weight, and saving time and cost to produce bulkheads or wing skins.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In World War II, the German [[V-2]] combined [[gyroscope]]s, an [[accelerometer]] and a primitive [[computer]] for real-time [[inertial navigation]] allowing [[dead reckoning]] without reference to landmarks or guide stars, leading to packaged [[Inertial measurement unit|IMU]]s for spacecraft and aircraft.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* The UK [[Miles M.52]] supersonic aircraft was to have an [[afterburner]], augmenting a [[turbojet]] thrust by burning additional fuel in the [[propelling nozzle|nozzle]], but was cancelled in 1946.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In 1935, German aerodynamicist [[Adolf Busemann]] proposed using [[swept wing]]s to reduce high-speed drag and the [[Messerschmitt P.1101]] fighter prototype was 80% complete by the end of World War II; the later US [[North American F-86]] and [[Boeing B-47]] flew in 1947, as the Soviet [[MiG-15]], and the British [[de Havilland Comet]] in 1949.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In 1951, the [[Avro Jetliner]] featured an [[ice protection system]] from [[Goodyear Aerospace|Goodyear]] through [[Ice protection system#Electro-thermal|electro-thermal]] resistances in the wing and tail leading edges; [[jet aircraft]] use hot engine [[bleed air]] and lighter aircraft use pneumatic [[deicing boot]]s or [[Weeping wing|weep]] anti-icing fluid on propellers, wing and tail leading edges.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In 1954, [[Bell Labs]] developed the first transistorized airborne digital computer, Tradic for the US [[Boeing B-52]] and in the 1960s [[Raytheon]] built the [[MIT]]-developed [[Apollo Guidance Computer]]; the [[MIL-STD-1553]] avionics [[digital bus]] was defined in 1973 then first used in the [[General Dynamics F-16]], while the civil [[ARINC 429]] was first used in the [[Boeing 757]]/[[Boeing 767|B767]] and [[Airbus A310]] in the early 1980s.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* After World War II, the initial promoter of [[Photovoltaic power]] for spacecraft, [[Hans K. Ziegler]], was brought to the US under [[Operation Paperclip]] along [[Wernher von Braun]] and [[Vanguard 1]] was its first application in 1958, later enhanced in space-[[System deployment|deployable]] structures like the [[International Space Station]] solar arrays of {{cvt|0.33|hectare}}.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* To board an [[airliner]], [[jet bridge]]s <!-- since 1958--> are more accessible, comfortable and efficient than climbing the stairs.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->
* In the 1950s, to improve thrust and [[fuel efficiency]], the [[jet engine]] airflow was divided into a core stream and a bypass stream with a lower velocity for better propulsive efficiency: the first was the [[Rolls-Royce Conway]] with a 0.3 [[bypass ratio|BPR]] on the [[Boeing 707]] in 1960, followed by the [[Pratt & Whitney JT3D]] with a 1.5 BPR and, derived from the [[J79]], the [[General Electric CJ805]] powered the [[Convair 990]] with a 28%  lower cruise fuel burn; bypass ratio improved to the 9.3 BPR [[Rolls-Royce Trent XWB]], the 10:1 BPR [[GE9X]] and the [[Pratt & Whitney GTF]] with high-pressure ratio cores.<!--ref name=AvWeek6may2016-->