Editing Acadians (section)

==Deportation==
{{Main|Expulsion of the Acadians}}
[[File:La Deportation des Acadiens par Henri Beau.jpg|thumb|''The Deportation of Acadians'' by Henri Beau]]
[[File:A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grymross, by Thomas Davies, 1758.JPG|thumb|[[St. John River Campaign]]: ''A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross'' (present-day [[Arcadia, New Brunswick]]) by [[Thomas Davies (British Army officer)|Thomas Davies]], 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the [[Expulsion of the Acadians]].]]

In the Great Expulsion (known by French speakers as ''le Grand Dérangement''), after the [[Battle of Fort Beauséjour]] beginning in August 1755 under [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Lieutenant Governor Lawrence]], approximately 11,500 Acadians (three-quarters of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia) were expelled, families were separated, their lands and property confiscated, and in some cases their homes were burned. The Acadians were deported to separated locations throughout the British eastern seaboard colonies, from New England to Georgia, where many were put into forced labour, imprisoned, or put into [[Indentured servitude|servitude]].<ref name="Hope and Despair of Acadian Exiles">{{cite web |title=The Hope and Despair of Acadian Exiles, 1755–1766 |url=https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/hope-despair-acadian-exiles-1755-1766/ |date=2017-01-08 |website=New England Historical Society |df=dmy-all |access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bernard |first=Shane K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRjiTFg90L0C&q=acadian+servitude&pg=PA24 |title=Cajuns and Their Acadian Ancestors: A Young Reader's History |year=2010 |publisher=[[University Press of Mississippi]] |isbn=978-1-60473-321-1}}</ref>

===Second wave===
The British conducted a second and smaller expulsion of Acadians after taking control of the north shore of what is now [[New Brunswick]]. After the [[Battle of the Plains of Abraham|fall of Quebec]] and defeat of the French, the British lost interest in such relocations.

Some Acadians were deported to England, some to the Caribbean, and some to France. After being expelled to France, many Acadians were eventually recruited by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] government to migrate to ''[[Louisiana (New Spain)|Luisiana]]'' (present-day [[Louisiana]]). These Acadians settled into or alongside the existing [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creole]] settlements, sometimes intermarrying with Creoles, and gradually developed what became known as [[Cajuns|Cajun]] culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Eunjung |last2=Carbonetto |first2=Peter |last3=Curtis |first3=Ross E. |last4=Wang |first4=Yong |last5=Granka |first5=Julie M. |last6=Byrnes |first6=Jake |last7=Noto |first7=Keith |last8=Kermany |first8=Amir R. |last9=Myres |first9=Natalie M. |df=dmy-all |date=2017-02-07 |title=Clustering of 770,000 genomes reveals post-colonial population structure of North America |journal=Nature Communications |volume=8 |pages=14238 |doi=10.1038/ncomms14238 |pmid=28169989 |pmc=5309710 |issn=2041-1723 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814238H}}</ref>

===Louisiana Acadians===
{{main|Cajuns}}
After 1758, thousands were transported to France. Most of the Acadians who later went to Louisiana sailed there from France on five Spanish ships. These had been provided by the Spanish Crown, which was eager to populate their Louisiana colony with Catholic settlers who might provide farmers to supply the needs of New Orleans residents. The Spanish had hired agents to seek out the dispossessed Acadians in Brittany and kept this effort secret in order to avoid angering the French king. These new arrivals from France joined the earlier wave expelled from Acadia, and gradually their descendants developed the [[Cajun]] population (which included multiracial unions and children) and culture. They continued to be attached to French culture and language, and Catholicism.

[[Image:Grand Pré.JPG|thumb|left|Sculptor [[Louis-Philippe Hébert]]'s sculpture of [[Evangeline]] at the [[Grand-Pré National Historic Site]] in [[Nova Scotia]]|203x203px]]

The Spanish offered the Acadians lowlands along the [[Mississippi River]] in order to block British expansion from the east. Some would have preferred Western Louisiana, where many of their families and friends had settled. In addition, that land was more suitable to mixed crops of agriculture. Rebels among them marched to New Orleans and ousted the Spanish governor. The Spanish later sent infantry from other colonies to put down the rebellion and execute the leaders. After the rebellion in December 1769, Spanish Governor O'Reilly permitted the Acadians who had settled across the river from [[Natchez, Louisiana|Natchez]] to resettle along the [[Bayou Manchac|Iberville]] or [[Amite River|Amite]] rivers closer to [[New Orleans]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Jack D.L.|title=A Guide to Spanish Louisiana, 1762–1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfEvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5|year=1970|publisher=A. F. Laborde|page=5}}</ref>

===Returnees===

In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick and coastal villages that were not occupied by colonists from New England.<ref>{{cite web |title=A scenic tour of New Brunswick's East Coast |url=https://www.westjetmagazine.com/story/article/scenic-tour-new-brunswicks-east-coast |date=2013-08-21 |website=WestJet Magazine |df=dmy-all |access-date=2020-05-04 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518220107/https://www.westjetmagazine.com/story/article/scenic-tour-new-brunswicks-east-coast |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The British prohibited them from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia. A few of the Acadians in this area had evaded the British for several years, but the brutal winter weather eventually forced them to surrender. Some returnees settled in the region of Fort Sainte-Anne, now [[Fredericton]], but were later displaced when the Crown awarded land grants to numerous [[United Empire Loyalist]]s from the Thirteen Colonies after the victory of the United States in the [[American Revolution]]. Most of the descendants of Acadian returnees now live primarily on the eastern coast of New Brunswick, Canada.
[[File:Acadian deportation map.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Map of the Deportation/Expulsion of the Acadians (1755–1816)]]
In 2003, at the request of Acadian representatives, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada]] issued a [[Royal Proclamation of 2003|Royal Proclamation]] acknowledging the deportation. She established 28 July as an annual day of commemoration, beginning in 2005. The day is called the "Great Upheaval" on some English-language calendars.

Before the [[American Revolutionary War]], the Crown settled Protestant European immigrants and [[New England Planters]] in former Acadian communities and farmland. After the war, it made land grants in Nova Scotia to [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]]. British policy was to establish a majority culture of Protestant religions and to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]] Acadians with the local populations where they resettled.<ref name="lockerby" />