Editing Acadia (section)

===17th century===
{{Main|Military history of the Miꞌkmaq people|Military history of the Acadians}}
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
The history of Acadia was significantly influenced by the great power conflict between France and England, later Great Britain, that occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name=Reid1998/> Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq had been living in Acadia for at least two to three thousand years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks Canada Agency |first=Government of Canada |date=2023-06-29 |title=Indigenous culture |url=https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/fortanne/culture/autochtone-indigenous |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=parks.canada.ca}}</ref> Early European settlers were French subjects primarily from the [[Poitou-Charentes]] and [[Aquitaine]] regions of southwestern France, now known as [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]. The first French settlement was established by [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts|Pierre Dugua de Mons]], [[List of Acadian governors|Governor of Acadia]], under the authority of the French King, [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV]], on [[Saint Croix Island, New Brunswick|Saint Croix Island]] in 1604. The following year, the settlement was moved across the [[Bay of Fundy]] to [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]] after a difficult winter on the island and deaths from [[scurvy]]. There, they constructed a new [[Port-Royal National Historic Site|habitation]]. In 1607, the colony received bad news as Henri IV revoked Sieur de Mons' royal fur monopoly, citing that the income was insufficient to justify supplying the colony further. Thus recalled, the last of the French left Port Royal in August 1607. Their allies, the Mi'kmaq, agreed to act as custodians of the settlement. When the former lieutenant governor, [[Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just]], returned in 1610, he found the [[Port-Royal National Historic Site|Port Royal habitation]] just as it was left.{{sfn|Faragher|2005|pp=17–19}}

During the first 80 years of the French presence in Acadia, there were numerous significant battles as the English, Scottish, and [[Jurriaen Aernoutsz|Dutch]] contested the French for possession of the colony. These battles happened at Port Royal, [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]],{{efn|Until 1784, New Brunswick was part of Nova Scotia.}} Cap de Sable (present-day [[Port La Tour, Nova Scotia]]), [[Jemseg, New Brunswick|Jemseg]], [[Castine, Maine|Castine]], and [[Baleine, Nova Scotia|Baleine]].

From the 1680s onward, there were six colonial wars that took place in the region (see the [[French and Indian Wars]] as well as [[Father Rale's War]] and [[Father Le Loutre's War]]). These wars were fought between [[New England]] and [[New France]], and their respective native allies. After the British [[Siege of Port Royal (1710)|siege of Port Royal]] in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of British colonial government, but both present-day [[New Brunswick]] and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France, until the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] of 1763 confirmed British control over the region.

The wars were fought on two fronts: the southern border of Acadia, which New France defined as the [[Kennebec River]] in southern Maine{{sfn|Williamson|1832|pages=27, 266, 293}} and in present-day peninsular Nova Scotia. The latter involved preventing the British from taking the capital of Acadia, Port Royal (See [[Queen Anne's War]]), establishing themselves at [[Canso, Nova Scotia|Canso]] (See [[Father Rale's War]]) and founding Halifax (see [[Father Le Loutre's War]]).

====Acadian Civil War====
{{Main|Acadian Civil War}}
[[File:Madame La Tour Defending Fort St.Jean.jpg|thumb|Siege of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] (1645) – d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia]]
From 1640 to 1645, Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} The war was between Port Royal, where the Governor of Acadia [[Charles de Menou d'Aulnay]] de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], where Governor of Acadia [[Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour]] was stationed.<ref>{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=M.A.|title=Fortune & La Tour: the Civil War in Acadia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gYVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1|year=1983|publisher=Methuen|isbn=9780458958009}}</ref> There were four major battles in the war, and d'Aulnay ultimately prevailed over La Tour.

====King Philip's War====
During [[King Philip's War]] (1675–78), the governor was absent from Acadia (having first been imprisoned in Boston during the [[New Holland (Acadia)|Dutch occupation of Acadia]]) and [[Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin]] was established at the capital of Acadia, Pentagouêt. From there he worked with the Abenaki of Acadia to raid British settlements migrating over the border of Acadia. British retaliation included attacking deep into Acadia in the [[Battle off Port La Tour (1677)]].

====Wabanaki Confederacy====
In response to [[King Philip's War]] in [[New England]], the native peoples in Acadia joined the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] to form a political and military alliance with New France.<ref>{{cite conference |first=Harald E. L. |last=Prins |title=Storm Clouds Over Wabanaki: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727) |conference=The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs |location=Amherst, Nova Scotia |date=March 1999 |url=http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |access-date=January 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142815/http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Confederacy remained significant military allies to New France through six wars. Until the [[French and Indian War]] the Wabanaki Confederacy remained the dominant military force in the region.

====Catholic missions====
There were tensions on the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the [[Kennebec River]] in southern Maine.{{sfn|Williamson|1832|pages=27, 266, 293}}<ref name="Griffiths2005"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=William Edgar|title=The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Je0MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA21|year=2005|publisher=Goose Lane Editions|isbn=978-0-86492-426-1|page=21}}</ref> English settlers from Massachusetts (whose charter included the Maine area) had expanded their settlements into Acadia. To secure New France's claim to Acadia, it established Catholic missions (churches) among the four largest native villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River ([[Norridgewock]]); one further north on the [[Penobscot River]] ([[Penobscot Indian Island Reservation|Penobscot]]); one on the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] ([[Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic|Medoctec]]);{{sfn|Grenier|2008|pages=51, 54}}<ref>{{CRHP|14831|Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{DFHD|213|Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada}}</ref> and one at [[Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia|Shubenacadie]] (Saint Anne's Mission).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastarch.com/sainte_anne.html |title=Mission Sainte-Anne: Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia |publisher=Northeast Archaeological Research |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011031532/http://www.northeastarch.com/sainte_anne.html}}</ref>

====King William's War====
During [[King William's War]] (1688–97), some Acadians, the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] and the French Priests participated in defending Acadia at its border with New England, which New France defined as the [[Kennebec River]] in southern Maine.{{sfn|Williamson|1832|pages=27, 266, 293}} Toward this end, the members of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]], on the Saint John River and in other places, joined the New France expedition against present-day [[Bristol, Maine]] (the [[siege of Pemaquid (1689)]]), [[Raid on Salmon Falls|Salmon Falls]] and present-day [[Battle of Fort Loyal|Portland, Maine]].

In response, the New Englanders retaliated by attacking [[Battle of Port Royal (1690)|Port Royal]] and present-day [[Battle at Chedabucto (Guysborough)|Guysborough]]. In 1694, the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] participated in the [[Raid on Oyster River]] at present-day [[Durham, New Hampshire]]. Two years later, New France, led by [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]], returned and fought a [[Action of 14 July 1696|naval battle in the Bay of Fundy]] before moving on to raid [[Siege of Pemaquid (1696)|Bristol, Maine]], again.

In retaliation, the New Englanders, led by [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]], engaged in a [[Raid on Chignecto (1696)]] and the [[Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696)|siege of the Capital of Acadia at Fort Nashwaak]].

At the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the [[Treaty of Ryswick]] and the borders of Acadia remained the same.