Editing Abydos (Hellespont) (section)

===Hellenistic period===
Abydos remained under Persian control until it was seized by a [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] army led by [[Parmenion]], a general of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]], in the spring of 336 BC.<ref name="Ashley">Ashley (2004), p. 187</ref> In 335, whilst Parmenion besieged the city of [[Pitane (Aeolis)|Pitane]], Abydos was besieged by a Persian army led by [[Memnon of Rhodes]], forcing Parmenion to abandon his siege of Pitane and march north to relieve Abydos.<ref>Freely (2010), pp. 55-56</ref> Alexander ferried across from Sestos to Abydos in 334 and travelled south to the city of Troy, after which he returned to Abydos.<ref name="Ashley" /> The following day, Alexander left Abydos and led his army north to [[Percote]].<ref name="Ashley" /> Alexander later established a royal mint at Abydos, as well as at other cities in [[Asia Minor]].<ref>Dmitriev (2011), p. 429</ref>

After the death of [[Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC, Abydos, as part of the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia, came under the control of [[Leonnatus]] as a result of the [[Partition of Babylon]].<ref>Roberts (2007)</ref> At the [[Partition of Triparadisus]] in 321 BC, [[Arrhidaeus]] succeeded Leonnatus as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.<ref>Roisman (2012), p. 174</ref>

In 302, during the [[Fourth War of the Diadochi]], [[Lysimachus]], King of Thrace, crossed over into Asia Minor and invaded the kingdom of [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus I]].<ref name="Magie89">Magie (2015), p. 89</ref> Unlike the neighbouring cities of [[Parium]] and Lampsacus which surrendered, Abydos resisted Lysimachus and was besieged.<ref name="Magie89" /> Lysimachus was forced to abandon the siege, however, after the arrival of a relief force sent by [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]], son of King Antigonus I.<ref name="Magie89" /> According to [[Polybius]], by the third century BC, the neighbouring city of [[Baris in Hellesponto|Arisbe]] had become subordinate to Abydos.<ref>Spawforth (2015)</ref> The city of [[Dardanus (city)|Dardanus]] also came under the control of Abydos at some point in the Hellenistic period.<ref name="Mackay">Mackay (1976), p. 258</ref> Abydos became part of the [[Seleucid Empire]] after 281 BC.<ref name="Brill">''[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/abydus-e101490 Abydus]''. Brill Reference Online</ref> The city was conquered by [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]], King of Egypt, in 245 BC,<ref>Grainger (1997), p. 675</ref> and remained under Ptolemaic control until at least 241, as Abydos had become part of the [[Attalid dynasty|Kingdom of Pergamon]] by c. 200 BC.<ref>''[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/pergamum-e913440#p9091 Pergamum]''. Brill Reference Online</ref>

[[File:Ragavis-Lexiko-A003a-Coin from Abydos.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Hellenistic]] [[tetradrachm]] of Abydos, with the legend ΑΒΥΔΗΝΩΝ ("of the Abydenes")]]
During the [[Second Macedonian War]], Abydos was besieged by [[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]], King of Macedonia, in 200 BC,<ref name="Jaques">Jaques (2007), p. 4</ref> during which many of its citizens chose to commit suicide rather than surrender.<ref>Magie (2015), pp. 15-16</ref> [[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]] met with Philip V during the siege to deliver an ultimatum on behalf of the [[Senate of the Roman Republic|Roman senate]].<ref>Briscoe (2015)</ref> Ultimately, the city was forced to surrender to Philip V due to a lack of reinforcements.<ref name="Jaques"/> The Macedonian occupation ended after the Peace of Flamininus at the end of the war in 196 BC.<ref name="Jaques"/> At this time, Abydos was substantially depopulated and partially ruined as a result of the Macedonian occupation.<ref>Grainger (2002), p. 70</ref>

In the spring of 196 BC, Abydos was seized by [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]], ''[[Basileus|Megas Basileus]]'' of the Seleucid Empire,<ref>Magie (2015), p. 17</ref> who refortified the city in 192/191 BC.<ref name="Phang"/> Antiochus III later withdrew from Abydos during the [[Roman-Seleucid War]], thus allowing for the transportation of the Roman army into Asia Minor by October 190 BC.<ref>Errington (1989), p. 286</ref> Dardanus was subsequently liberated from Abydene control,<ref name="Mackay" /> and the [[Treaty of Apamea]] of 188 BC returned Abydos to the Kingdom of Pergamon.<ref>Errington (1989), pp. 287-288</ref> A [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] was active at Abydos in the 2nd century BC.<ref>''[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/education-culture-e217200#p2560 Education / Culture]''. Brill Reference Online</ref>