Editing Abdul Hamid I (section)

===Rule===
Abdul Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yarbrough |first=Luke B. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108634274/type/book |title=Friends of the Emir: Non-Muslim State Officials in Premodern Islamic Thought |date=2019-06-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-63427-4 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781108634274.011|s2cid=243058443 }}</ref> Yet he was also very [[Piety|religious]] and a [[pacifism|pacifist]] by nature. At his accession, the financial straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be given to the [[Janissary]] Corps. The new Sultan told the Janissaries "There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier sons should learn."

[[File:TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ottoman Army]] advances from [[Sofia]], its largest garrison in [[Rumelia]], in the year 1788.]]

Abdul Hamid sought to reform the Empire's armed forces including the Janissary corps and the [[Ottoman Navy|navy]]. He also established a new artillery corps and is credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval Engineering School.<ref name=EB/>

Abdul Hamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over [[Ottoman Syria|Syria]], [[Eyalet of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Ottoman Iraq|Iraq]].<ref name=EB/> However, small successes against rebellions in Syria and the [[Morea]] could not compensate for the loss of the [[Crimean Peninsula]], which had become nominally independent in 1774 but was in practice actually controlled by Russia.

Russia repeatedly exploited its position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman Empire. Ultimately, the Ottomans declared [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)|war against Russia in 1787]]. [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austria soon joined Russia]]. Turkey initially held its own in the conflict, but on 6 December 1788, [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)|Ochakov fell to Russia]] (all of its inhabitants being massacred). Upon hearing this, Abdul Hamid I had a stroke, which resulted in his death.<ref name="Abdul Hamid" />

In spite of his failures, Abdul Hamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman Sultan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdulhamid II {{!}} Biography, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdulhamid-II |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He personally directed the [[fire brigade]] during the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his religious devotion and was even called a ''Veli'' ("saint"). He also outlined a reform policy, supervised the government closely, and worked with statesmen.

Abdul Hamid I turned to internal affairs after the war with Russia ended. He tried to suppress internal revolts through Algerian Gazi Hasan Pasha, and to regulate the reform works through Silâhdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (Karavezir) and [[Halil Hamid Pasha]].

In Syria, the rebellion led by [[Zahir al-Umar]], who cooperated with the admirals of the Russian navy in the Mediterranean, benefiting from the confusion caused by the Russian expedition of 1768 Russian campaign, and suppressed the rebellion in Egypt in 1775, as well as the Kölemen who were in rebellion in Egypt, was brought to the road.  On the other hand, the confusion in Peloponnese was ended, and calm was achieved.  Kaptanıderyâ Gazi Hasan Pasha and Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha played an important role in suppressing all these events.<ref name="Abdul Hamid"/>