Editing 732 (section)

==== Europe ====
* [[Battle of the River Garonne]]: A [[Umayyad|Umayyad Muslim army]] (40,000 men) under [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi]], governor of [[Al-Andalus]], crosses the [[Pyrenees]] through the [[Roncesvalles|Roncesvalles Pass]] and raids widely, ravaging the cities of [[Oloron-Sainte-Marie|Oloron]], [[Lescar]] and [[Bayonne]], and burning the [[abbey]] of [[Saint-Sever]]. Umayyad forces destroy the [[monastery]] of [[Saint-Émilion]], and defeat the 'Count of Libourne'. Abdul Rahman sacks and captures [[Bordeaux]], and nearly wipes out the army of Duke [[Odo the Great|Eudes of Aquitaine]], at the [[Garonne|Garonne River]].<ref>David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 45). {{ISBN|978-184603-230-1}}</ref> 
* Summer &ndash; Eudes of Aquitaine heads for the Frankish city of [[Reims]], to warn [[Charles Martel]], Merovingian [[mayor of the palace]], of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion in [[Gaul]], and ask for his support against the invaders. The two leaders meet near [[Paris]]; Charles issues a 'general ban' to raise an army, which includes large numbers of [[Austrasia]]ns, [[Neustria]]ns, and [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundian]]s. Meanwhile, [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabians]] ravage the cities of [[Périgueux]], [[Saintes, Charente-Maritime|Saintes]], and [[Angoulême]], then sack the [[basilica]] of [[Saint-Hilaire-les-Places|Saint-Hilaire]] outside [[Poitiers]].<ref name="WPCleanerAuto1">David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). {{ISBN|978-184603-230-1}}</ref>
* [[September]] &ndash; Charles Martel leads his [[Francia|Frankish]] army (30,000 men) to [[Orléans]] and crosses the [[Loire|Loire River]], probably accompanied by Eudes of Aquitaine, with his remaining troops. He makes camp near [[Tours]], probably at [[Ballan-Miré]] south-west of the fortress city, in order to protect the [[abbey]] of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]]. Charles defeats or forces back Umayyad [[Reconnaissance|scout]]s  or an [[Vanguard|advance guard]], between the rivers [[Indre (river)|Indre]] and [[Creuse (river)|Creuse]]. Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi pulls back to establish a position at the [[Vienne (river)|Vienne River]].<ref>David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 55). {{ISBN|978-184603-230-1}}</ref>
* [[October]] &ndash; The Frankish army crosses the Vienne River and establishes a camp at or around the partially abandoned Roman ''[[mansion]]'' or [[Agriculture|agricultural]] settlement, now known as 'Vieux-Poitiers' (near [[Châtellerault]]), perhaps using the Roman [[Amphitheatre|theatre]] with its substantial towers as a [[fortification]]. Charles Martel forms a defensive position across the Roman road, and fends off Muslim [[Skirmisher|skirmish]]es during the 'seven days' stand-off, probably involving scouts, and perhaps raiders from both armies.<ref>David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 66). {{ISBN|978-184603-230-1}}</ref>  
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Battle of Tours]]: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the [[Islamic invasion of Gaul|Islamic advance into Western Europe]]; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of [[France]], which gives him the nickname Martellus ("The Hammer"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power between [[Western Europe]] and the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>[[Will Durant|Durant, Will]], ''The Age of Faith''. New York: Simon and Schuster (1950). {{OCLC|225699907}}. Page, 461. Originally published 1939. {{ISBN|978-0-671-41800-7}}</ref>
* Muslim forces withdraw southwards to [[Septimania]]; a separate part probably pulls back along the road it originally came through, across the Pyrenees Mountains. Eudes of Aquitaine pursues the main Muslim army via [[County of La Marche|La Marche]], before returning to Bordeaux; Charles Martel withdraws to Frankish territory through Orléans and [[Auxerre]], demoting those [[bishop]]s whom he thought unreliable. [[Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri]] becomes the new governor (''[[Wali (administrative title)|wali]]'') of Al-Andalus; a separate Muslim force raids the [[Rhône-Alpes|Rhône region]].<ref name="WPCleanerAuto1" />