Editing 1964 New York World's Fair (section)

==== Financing and initial exhibitors ====
[[File:6405 NY World's Fair 16 1964 (51190787295).jpg|thumb|Republic of China pavilion]]

The WFC planned to issue $500&nbsp;million in [[Bond (finance)|bonds]],<ref name="nyt-1959-08-13" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=August 13, 1959 |title=$500 Million Bonds to Aid World's Fair: "64 City Plan Looks To $6 Billion Trade |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=8 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327151968}}}}</ref> a figure that was later decreased to $150&nbsp;million.<ref name="Samuel p. 6; Tirella p. 15">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=6}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=15}}</ref> Moses said the 1964 fair would be a "billion-dollar" event, though this included expenses for related projects such as roads and the nearby [[Shea Stadium]].<ref name="Samuel p. 12; Tirella pp. 43–44">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=12}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=43–44}}</ref> The WFC leased about {{Convert|646|acre}} from the city government in May 1960.<ref name=p1327670058>{{cite news |last=Silberfarb |first=Edward J. |date=May 28, 1960 |title=Lease Signed For Site of World's Fair: 650 Rent-Free Acres At Flushing Meadow |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=5 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327670058}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=May 28, 1960 |title=Lease is Signed for '64 Fair Site; 646 Acres Are {{as written|Allo|ted [sic]}} in Flushing Meadow on Rent-Free Basis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/lease-is-signed-for-64-fair-site-646-acres-are-alloted-in-flushing.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523162259/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/lease-is-signed-for-64-fair-site-646-acres-are-alloted-in-flushing.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moses hired the former lieutenant governor [[Charles Poletti]] and the military engineer [[William Everett Potter]] to organize the exhibits.<ref name="Samuel pp. 8–9">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=8–9}}</ref>  A design committee proposed a massive, doughnut-shaped pavilion;<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1028" /><ref name="Tirella pp. 44–45">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=44–45}}</ref><ref name="Caro pp. 1091–1092">{{harvnb|Caro|1974|ps=.|pages=1091–1092}}</ref> Moses rejected the plan<ref name="Caro pp. 1091–1092" /> and the design committee was forced out by the end of 1959.<ref name="Tirella pp. 44–45" /><ref>{{cite news |date=December 7, 1960 |title=World's Fair Designers Quit |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=B7 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141165876}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Asbury |first=Edith Evans |date=December 3, 1960 |title=Designers Quit Fair In a Dispute on Plan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/03/archives/designers-quit-fair-in-a-dispute-on-plan-fairs-designers-quit-over.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523173846/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/03/archives/designers-quit-fair-in-a-dispute-on-plan-fairs-designers-quit-over.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moses did not devise a master plan for the fair;<ref name="Caro p. 1092" /> he wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions,<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1028" /><ref name="Tirella p. 42" /> The city government implemented a [[building code]] and health code,<ref name="nyt-1960-09-30">{{Cite news |date=September 30, 1960 |title=Codes for Buildings And Health Are Set For '64 Fair Here |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/codes-for-buildings-and-health-are-set-for-64-fair-here.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180850/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/codes-for-buildings-and-health-are-set-for-64-fair-here.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which Potter enforced.<ref name="Tirella p. 42">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=42}}</ref> Nearly all of the buildings were to be temporary structures.<ref name="Chapman 1960" /><ref name="Collins 1960" />

The 1964 fair was to be themed "peace through understanding".<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1027" /><ref name="Samuel p. 5">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=5}}</ref> WFC member Jerome Weinstein suggested the motto, which was inspired by an ideal Kopple had wanted for his daughters.<ref name="Samuel p. 5" /> According to Moses, the fair was intended "to assist in educating the peoples of the world as to the interdependence of nations and the need for universal lasting peace".<ref name="Tirella p. 3">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=3}}</ref> Exhibits were to be divided into five areas,<ref name="The Billboard 1960">{{cite magazine |date=August 22, 1960 |title=Show News: N. Y. World's Fair Plans Exclusive Fun Zone Contract |magazine=The Billboard |pages=43–50 |volume=72 |issue=34 |id={{ProQuest|1505610775}}}}</ref><ref name="Newsday 1961">{{cite news |date=January 16, 1961 |title=Estimate World Fair Will Cost $768 Million, Earn $23 Million |work=Newsday |page=16 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|899000151}}}}</ref> including a transportation area the [[Port of New York Authority]] would operate.<ref name="Caro p. 1092" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 12, 1960 |title=Port Authority First With World's Fair Plan |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-port-authority-first-wit/147932251/ |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=Brooklyn Record |pages=1 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181519/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-port-authority-first-wit/147932251/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CY p. 61">{{harvnb|Cotter|Young|2008|ps=.|page=61}}</ref> The original plans called for an amusement park area,<ref name="The Billboard 1960" /> which was canceled after the WFC failed to find an operator.<ref name="nyt-1960-10-26">{{Cite news |date=October 26, 1960 |title=Moses Abandons Tivoli Fair Plan; Aides Say No One Could Be Found to Develop Park at Flushing Meadow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/26/archives/moses-abandons-tivoli-fair-plan-aides-say-no-one-could-be-found-to.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181532/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/26/archives/moses-abandons-tivoli-fair-plan-aides-say-no-one-could-be-found-to.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  By August 1960, the first ten exhibitors had applied for space at the fair,<ref>{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=August 22, 1960 |title=Industrial Exhibit Size Cut by Fair: Reduced 40% Due To High Space Demand |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327219435}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=August 22, 1960 |title=10 File for Space at World's Fair; 9 Concerns and Gas Group Apply – Land Quota Cut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/22/archives/10-file-for-space-at-worlds-fair-9-concerns-and-gas-group-apply.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180853/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/22/archives/10-file-for-space-at-worlds-fair-9-concerns-and-gas-group-apply.html |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331|postscript=none}}; {{cite news |date=August 22, 1960 |title=LI to 'Map' the Future In Entry for 1964 Fair |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898998597}}}}</ref> and architectural blueprints for the fair's first pavilion had been submitted.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 26, 1960 |title=First World's Fair Design: Beer 'Oasis' |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327220132}}}}</ref> The WFC began sending delegations abroad to invite foreign governments to the fair.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 1960 |title=Group Flies To Invite Nations to Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=2 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327453714}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Wayne |date=August 15, 1960 |title=First 'Envoys' Leave for Europe To Promote '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/15/archives/first-envoys-leave-for-europe-to-promote-64-worlds-fair.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523180851/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/15/archives/first-envoys-leave-for-europe-to-promote-64-worlds-fair.html |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1961-06-15" />

In late 1960, the group began issuing $67.5&nbsp;million in [[promissory note]]s to fund construction;<ref>{{cite news |date=December 19, 1960 |title=World's Fair Note Issue at $67,500,000: Offered at 6% To Finance First Costs |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=7 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327242565}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=December 19, 1960 |title=World's Fair Issues $67,500,000 in Notes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/19/archives/worlds-fair-issues-67500000-in-notes.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181531/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/19/archives/worlds-fair-issues-67500000-in-notes.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the WFC later reduced the amount to $64&nbsp;million, consisting of $40&nbsp;million in notes plus $24&nbsp;million from the city.<ref name="Chapman 1961">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=April 5, 1961 |title=$24,000,000 City Aid Voted for World Fair To Improve the Park; City to Get Money Back—If a Profit Is Made |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326875729}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Layhmond |date=April 5, 1961 |title=City Aids '64 Fair With $24,000,000; Will Provide $8,000,000 a Year in Work on Site – Repayment Expected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/05/archives/city-aids-64-fair-with-24000000-will-provide-8000000-a-year-in-work.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524155750/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/05/archives/city-aids-64-fair-with-24000000-will-provide-8000000-a-year-in-work.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The WFC's finance chairman predicted the fair would earn over $200&nbsp;million.<ref name="nyt-1960-11-04">{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=November 4, 1960 |title=Profit Forecast for World's Fair; Its Finance Chairman Says Surplus Will Be Donated to Flushing Meadow Park |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/04/archives/profit-forecast-for-worlds-fair-its-finance-chairman-says-surplus.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523224351/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/04/archives/profit-forecast-for-worlds-fair-its-finance-chairman-says-surplus.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=November 4, 1960 |title=Fair to Boost Sales Tax by $210,000,000: Expected to Attract 70.000,000 To City |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=15 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325522274}}}}</ref>  By the end of 1960, seven countries had agreed to sponsor exhibits.<ref name="nyt-1960-11-26">{{Cite news |date=November 26, 1960 |title=Austria Rejects World's Fair Bid; Cites High Rent and Refusal of Recognition in Paris – Chile Seventh to Accept |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/26/archives/austria-rejects-worlds-fair-bid-cites-high-rent-and-refusal-of.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523181531/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/26/archives/austria-rejects-worlds-fair-bid-cites-high-rent-and-refusal-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and one-third of the industrial pavilion sites had been leased.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=November 6, 1960 |title=Fair's Space For Industry Is 1/3 Taken: Top Allotments Cut For Each Exhibitor |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=33 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324104587}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=November 6, 1960 |title='64 Fair Reports Rise in Tenants; Moses Says Industry Has Applied for More Than a Third of Allotted Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/64-fair-reports-rise-in-tenants-moses-says-industry-has-applied-for.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523214613/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/64-fair-reports-rise-in-tenants-moses-says-industry-has-applied-for.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Early in 1961, Moses announced the [[Unisphere]] would be built as the fair's symbol,<ref name="nyt19610215">{{Cite news |date=February 15, 1961 |title=A 120-Foot Steel 'Unisphere' Will Be Symbol of the '64 Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213052/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=February 14, 1961 |title='Unisphere' Is Fair's Symbol |via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2021 |work=Newsday |pages=4 }}</ref> and the WFC also hired the detective agency [[Pinkerton (detective agency)|Pinkerton]] to provide security and first-aid services.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=February 25, 1961 |title=Pinkertons Will Handle World's Fair Security |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=5 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327583911}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=February 25, 1961 |title=Pinkerton Agency To Guard '64 Fair And Guide Tourists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/25/archives/pinkerton-agency-to-guard-64-fair-and-guide-tourists.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/25/archives/pinkerton-agency-to-guard-64-fair-and-guide-tourists.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A report published that January said the fair itself would cost $768&nbsp;million,<ref name="Newsday 1961" /> although individual exhibitors would pay much of the cost.<ref name="Sederberg 1964">{{cite news |last=Sederberg |first=Arelo |date=January 5, 1964 |title=N.Y. Fair: A Gee-Whiz Money-Maker?: Tight-Fisted Policy Seeks to Avoid Repetition of '39 |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=L1 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168511265}}}}</ref>