Editing 1849 (section)

=== July–September ===
* [[July 2]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] – [[Second Battle of Komárom (1849)|Second Battle of Komárom]]: The Hungarian army, led by [[Arthur Görgey]], repulses the combined attack of the Austrian and Russian troops led by [[Julius Jacob von Haynau]]. During the battle Görgey suffers a heavy head injury, which prevents him from taking advantage of this success.
* [[July 3]] – French troops occupy Rome; the [[Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic]] surrenders.
* [[July 6]] – [[Battle of Fredericia]]: The Danish Army beats the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] army at [[Fredericia]], [[Jutland]], thereby putting an end to the Prussian-Danish War until [[1864]].
* [[July 11]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] – [[Third Battle of Komárom (1849)|Third Battle of Komárom]]: The Hungarian army, led by [[Arthur Görgey]], is defeated by the Austrians, led by [[Julius Jacob von Haynau]].
* [[July 13]] – [[Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion]]: A slave uprising led by Nicholas Kelly took place at the Workhouse in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]; the white community quickly suppressed the revolt, captured 37 freedom seekers, and tried and hanged 3 of the leaders.
* [[July 14]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]:
** Because of the imminent Austrian attack, the Hungarian government moves from [[Budapest]] to [[Szeged]].
** Hungarian troops, led by [[Richard Guyon]], defeat the [[Croatia]]n-Austrian army led by [[Josip Jelačić]] in the [[Battle of Kishegyes]], securing southern Hungary for the revolutionary government.
*[[July 15]] – The first [[airstrike]] in history: Austria launches pilotless balloons against the city of [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://airminded.org/2009/08/22/the-first-air-bomb-venice-15-july-1849/|first=Brett|last=Holman|title=The first air bomb: Venice, 15 July 1849|publisher=Airminded|date=2009-08-22|access-date=2024-07-15}}</ref>
* [[July 17]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: Hungarians, led by [[Arthur Görgey]], and the Russians, led by [[Ivan Paskevich]], battle indecisively in the [[Second Battle of Vác (1849)|Second Battle of Vác]]. The Russians are unsuccessful in destroying the Hungarian army, which retreats towards the east.
* [[July 23]] 
** French scientist [[Hippolyte Fizeau]] makes a [[Fizeau's measurement of the speed of light in air|measurement of the speed of light in air]] using a specially devised apparatus.
** German revolutionaries capitulate in the [[Rastatt Fortress]] in Baden to Prussian troops, marking the end of the [[Imperial Constitution campaign]] in which radical democrats tried to defend the revolution. Other centres of resistance had been [[Palatine uprising|the Bavarian Palatinate]], Westphalia, and the Rhineland but these had quickly been subdued by counter-revolutionary forces.
* [[July 28]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: The Hungarian government, led by [[Bertalan Szemere]] promulgates the Nationality Law, which gives important rights to the nationalities of Hungary, like the right to use their mother tongue in school, church, army, court and administration. The [[Romanians]] are declared a nation, and not a minority, in [[Transylvania]]. The [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jews]] receive equality thanks to the Emancipation Decree.<ref name="TörténelmiSzemle">Történelmi Szemle: [http://epa.oszk.hu/00600/00617/00002/tsz98_3_4_szasz_zoltan.htm Szász Zoltán A nemzetiségek és az 1848-as magyar forradalom]</ref>
* [[July 31]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] – [[Battle of Segesvár]]: The Russian troops in [[Transylvania]], led by [[Alexander von Lüders]], crush the Hungarian forces, under the lead of [[Józef Bem]]. Hungarian poet and revolutionary [[Sándor Petőfi]] is killed in the battle by the Russians.
* [[July 31]]–[[August 1]] – ''[[Joven Daniel]]'' wrecks at the coast of [[Araucanía (historic region)|Araucanía]], Chile, leading to allegations that local [[Mapuche]] tribes murdered survivors and kidnapped [[Elisa Bravo]].<ref name=Munoz2010>{{Cite journal|title=El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile|journal=Tiempo Histórico|last=Muñoz Sougarret|first=Jorge|issue=1|year=2010|language=es|pages=133–148}}</ref>
* [[August 2]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: The Russian main forces, under [[Ivan Paskevich]], defeat the Hungarian army under [[József Nagysándor]], in the [[Battle of Debrecen (1849)|Battle of Debrecen]].
* [[August 3]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: The Hungarian defenders of [[Komárom]], led by [[György Klapka]], destroy the besieging Austrian forces in the [[Fourth Battle of Komárom (1849)|Fourth Battle of Komárom]], liberating [[Győr]] and [[Székesfehérvár]]. But this victory comes too late to change the course of military events in the eastern part of the country, where the Hungarian forces are about to crumble under the heavy Austro-Russian pressure.
* [[August 5]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] – [[Battle of Szőreg]]: Austrian forces, under [[Julius Jacob von Haynau]], defeat the Hungarian main forces under [[Henryk Dembiński]].
* [[August 9]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] – [[Battle of Temesvár]]: The main Russo-Austrian forces, led by [[Julius Jacob von Haynau]], win a decisive victory against the [[Hungarians]], led by [[Józef Bem]].
* [[August 11]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: [[Lajos Kossuth]] and the Hungarian Government of [[Bertalan Szemere]] resign, and give all powers to the hands of [[Arthur Görgey]]. After this Kossuth, the ministries and many military officers leave Hungary and seek asylum in Turkey.
* [[August 13]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: The main Hungarian army, under the lead of [[Arthur Görgey]], capitulates to the Russian troops, led by [[Theodor von Rüdiger]], at [[Surrender at Világos|Világos]]. The official end of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian Revolution]], although the fortress of Komárom continue to resist.
* [[August 28]] – [[Venice]] (the [[Republic of San Marco]]) surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege.
* [[September 1]] – The first segment of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]], from [[Lewistown, Pennsylvania|Lewistown]] to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], opens for service.
* [[September 17]] – African-American abolitionist [[Harriet Tubman]] escapes from slavery.