Editing 1823 (section)

=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]] – The [[Federal Republic of Central America|Congress of Central America]] declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a republican system of government is established.
* [[July 4]] – [[Royal assent]] is given to several significant [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom]], after the [[Home Secretary]] (and future Prime Minister) [[Robert Peel]] had worked to get approval by Parliament. Approved are the [[Judgment of Death Act 1823]], effectively abolishing the [[death penalty]] for over 100 offences and ;<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=252–253|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> allowing judges to commute sentences for capital offences (other than murder or treason) to imprisonment or [[Penal transportation|transportation]].;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/timeline.html|title=Timeline of capital punishment in Britain|access-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref> the Transportation Act allowing convicts transported to the colonies to be employed on public works.<ref name=CBH/> On July 10, the [[Gaols Act 1823]] is given assent, beginning the process of prison reform based on the campaign of [[Elizabeth Fry]].<ref name=CBH/>
* [[July 15]] – The [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]] in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in Walford, Cornelius, ed. ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance''. C. & E. Layton, 1876. p.71.</ref>
* [[July 28]] – The first theatrical adaptation of the ''[[Frankenstein]]'' story, ''[[Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein]]'', opens at the [[Royal Opera House]], [[Covent Garden]] in London. On August 29, [[Mary Shelley]] attends a performance, the only version of her novel she will ever see.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/presumption-or-fate-frankenstein|title=Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein|date=2021-12-08}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] – [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|William Pitt Amherst]] arrives in [[Calcutta]] with Lady Amherst to become the new [[Governor-General of India]].<ref>''The Cambridge Modern History'', Volume 11 (Macmillan, 1909) p727.</ref>
* [[August 4]] – [[Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop]], the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of [[Coahuila y Tejas]], allows [[Stephen F. Austin]] to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the [[Texas Ranger Division]].<ref>Robert M. Utley, ''Lone Star Justice: The First Century of the Texas Rangers'' (Oxford University Press, 2002)</ref>
* [[August 5]] –  The [[Royal Hibernian Academy]] is founded in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Vaughn, W. E.|title=A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union, 1870-1921|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|page=423}}</ref>
* [[August 16]] – Tsar [[Alexander I of Russia]] draws up a secret "manifesto", designating his second younger brother [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nikolai]] to succeed him, bypassing Nikolai's older brother, [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Konstantin]]. The existence of the manifesto is revealed on Alexander's death in 1825.<ref>Donald J. Raleigh and A.A. Iskenderov, ''The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Reconsidering the Romanovs'' (Routledge, 2015)</ref>
* [[August 18]] – [[Demerara rebellion of 1823]]: In the British colony of [[Demerara-Essequibo]] (modern-day Guyana in South America), an insurrection of 10,000 black slaves begins; it is suppressed after three days, but hundreds of suspects are executed in the reprisals that follow.<ref>Gelien Matthews, ''Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement'' (LSU Press, 2006) p21</ref>
* [[August 20]] – [[Pope Pius VII]] dies after a reign of more than 23 years that began on March 14, 1800; he is remembered for crowning [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] as [[Emperor of France]].<ref name=Coulombe>Charles A. Coulombe, ''Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes'' (Citadel Press, 2003) pp393-397</ref>
* [[August 24]] – [[Hugh Glass]] gets mauled by a sow grizzly while on a fur trapping expedition in the Missouri Territory and has to crawl 200 miles for help.<ref>As featured in the 2002 novel ''[[The Revenant (novel)|The Revenant]]'' and 2015 [[The Revenant (2015 film)|film of the same title]].</ref>
* [[August 31]] – [[Battle of Trocadero]]: French infantry of the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" capture the fort of Trocadero and turn its guns on [[Cádiz]].
* [[September 10]] – [[Simón Bolívar]] is named President of [[Peru]].
* [[September 17]] – [[Pamplona]] surrenders to French forces after a five-month siege.
* [[September 22]] – [[Joseph Smith]] first goes to the place near [[Manchester, New York]], where the [[golden plates]] are stored, having been directed there by God through an angel (according to what he writes in 1838).
* [[September 23]] – [[First Anglo-Burmese War]]: [[Burma|Burmese]] forces attack the British on Shapura, an island close to [[Chittagong]].
* [[September 28]] – Roman Catholic Cardinal Annibale della Genga is elected [[Pope Leo XII]].<ref name=Coulombe/>
* [[September 30]] – [[Cádiz]] surrenders to the French and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] is restored to his throne, immediately repealing the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]]. Despite French advice, he begins an era of repression against his opponents known as the [[Ominous Decade]]