Editing 1709 (section)

=== July&ndash;December ===
* [[July 8]] ([[June 27]] [[Old Style]]; June 28 in the [[Swedish calendar]]) &ndash; [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Poltava]] in the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] ([[Ukraine]]) &ndash; [[Peter the Great]] leads forces of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]], ending the [[Swedish invasion of Russia]] and effectively ending [[Sweden]]'s role as a major power in Europe.
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Christopher Slaughterford]] of [[London]] is executed in [[Guildford]] for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern [[England]] executed for murder based exclusively on [[circumstantial evidence]], and he maintains his innocence to the last.
* [[July 13]] &ndash; Production of [[Eau de Cologne]] is begun by perfumier [[Johann Maria Farina]] in Germany, founding [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz]].
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Reinhard Keiser]]'s opera ''Desiderius, König der Langobarden'' is premiered in [[Hamburg]].<ref name="Griffel2018">{{cite book|first=Margaret Ross|last=Griffel|title=Operas in German: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|year=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0|page=97}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Japan]]'s [[Emperor Higashiyama]] [[abdication|abdicates]] after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the [[Emperor Nakamikado]].
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: [[Tournai]] is captured by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 14]] – The Chinese region of [[Ningxia]] is shaken by a [[1709 Zhongwei earthquake|7.5 earthquake]] killing more than 2,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].<ref>Dean, Winton; and [[J. Merrill Knapp]] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>