Editing 1683 (section)

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 8]] &ndash; Admiral [[Shi Lang]] of [[Qing dynasty]] China leads 300 ships with 20,000 troops out of Tongshan, [[Fujian]], and sails towards the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], in modern-day [[Taiwan]] and [[Penghu]], in order to quell the kingdom in the name of the Qing. 
* [[July 14]] &ndash; A 173,000-man [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] force arrives at [[Vienna]], and starts to besiege the city. 
* [[July 16]]&ndash;[[July 17|17]] &ndash; [[Battle of Penghu]]: Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang defeats the naval forces of [[Zheng Keshuang]] decisively.
* [[July 21]] &ndash; The gruesome execution of [[William Russell, Lord Russell|Lord Russell]], for his role in the 1683 [[Rye House Plot]] to assassinate King [[Charles II of England]], is carried out by the royal executioner [[Jack Ketch]], who wields his axe in a manner requiring multiple blows to make Russell suffer as much as possible during the beheading.  <ref>Juré Fiorillo, ''Great Bastards of History: True and Riveting Accounts of the Most Famous Illegitimate Children Who Went on to Achieve Greatness'' (Fair Winds Press, 2010) p. 82</ref>
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Turhan Sultan|Turhan]], in the powerful role of the [[Valide sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] since 1648 as the mother of Sultan [[Mehmed IV]], dies at the age of 56, bringing an end to the era in Ottoman history known as the "[[Sultanate of Women]]".  Upon the overthrow of Mehmed IV four years later, the role of the mother of the Ottoman Sultan is less powerful.
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari]] becomes the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]].
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur]], son of the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India, is dispatched along with other Mughal nobles on an [[Mughal invasions of Konkan (1684)|invasion of Konkan]], the area on the southwestern Indian coast under the control of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]].
* [[August 25]] &ndash; The [[Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick|Earl of Limerick]], Irishman Thomas Dongan, takes office as the new British Colonial Governor of the [[Province of New York]] and makes major reforms to restore public order and rescue the province from bankruptcy.
* [[September 5]] &ndash; Qing Chinese admiral [[Shi Lang]] receives the formal surrender of [[Zheng Keshuang]], ushering in the collapse of the [[Kingdom of Tungning]], which is then incorporated into the [[Qing Empire]]. 
* [[September 12]]  
**[[Battle of Vienna]]: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 [[Poland|Poles]], [[Austria]]ns and [[Germany|Germans]] under Polish–Lithuanian king [[Jan III Sobieski]], whose [[cavalry]] turns their flank.  The victory marks a turning point in the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1683 |title=Historical Events for Year 1683 &#124; OnThisDay.com |website=Historyorb.com |date=1683 |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref>
**[[Peter II of Portugal|Pedro II]] becomes the [[King of Portugal]] after having served as regent since 1668 for his older brother [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]].