Editing 1654 (section)

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 5]] &ndash; The Russian Army camps outside [[Smolensk]] and the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Thirteen Years' War]] starts between Russia and Poland over [[Ukraine]].<ref>Joseph T. Fuhrmann, ''Tsar Alexis, His Reign and His Russia'' (Academic International Press, 1981) p. 61</ref>
* [[July 10]]
** [[Peter Vowell]] and [[John Gerard (Royalist)|John Gerard]] are executed in London for plotting to assassinate [[Oliver Cromwell]]. 
** Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in [[Exeter]].<ref>[[Thomas Carlyle|Carlyle, Thomas]] (ed.), Oliver Cromwell, ''Letters and Speeches''.</ref>
* [[August 12]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Shklow (1654)|Battle of Shklow]], one of the first clashes of the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|Russo-Polish War]], takes place at the modern-day Belarusan town of [[Shklow|Škłoŭ]] during a [[Solar eclipse of August 12, 1654|total eclipse of the Sun]] visible over Eastern Europe. The Russian troops retreat.
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] launches the ''[[Western Design]]'' with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day<ref name=Lay>Paul Lay, ''Providence Lost: The Rise and Fall of Cromwell's Protectorate'' (Head of Zeus Press, 2020)</ref> for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (which will last until after the [[English Restoration]] in [[1660]]).<ref name="CBH1654">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185–186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> The fleet leaves [[Portsmouth]] in late December. 
* [[August 22]] &ndash; [[Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam]]: 23 [[Sephardic law and customs|Sephardic]] Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in [[New Amsterdam]], forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jews arrive in the New World|url=http://americanjewisharchives.org/aja/aje/details.php?id=586&page=1|work=American Jewish Archives|access-date=2012-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ner|last=LeElef|title=World Jewish Population|url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm|work=SimpleToRemember|year=2001|access-date=2012-07-10|quote=Metropolitan [[Tel Aviv]], with 2.5 million Jews, is the world's largest Jewish city. It is followed by New York, with 1.9 million.}}</ref> and of [[Congregation Shearith Israel]], the first [[synagogue]] in [[North America]].
* [[August 25]] &ndash; Russia routs the Polish Army in the [[Battle of Shepeleviche]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; In England, the [[First Protectorate Parliament]] assembles.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology266"/>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of 120 members of Parliament who are hostile to him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britannia 1066–1884: From Medieval Absolutism to the Birth of Freedom under Constitutional Monarchy, Limited Suffrage, and the Rule of Law|last=Wu|first=Bin|publisher=Springer|year=2014|isbn=9783319046839|pages=53|oclc=947041435}}</ref>
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Smolensk]] falls to the Russian Army after almost three months.