Editing 1559 (section)

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Francis II of France|Francis II]] becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II.<ref name=Henry>{{cite web|title=Henry II {{!}} king of France|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-France|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=10 April 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Francis II {{!}} king of France|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-II-king-of-France|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=10 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> Members of the [[House of Guise]] and the new king's mother [[Catherine de' Medici]] dispute control over the kingdom.
* [[July 25]] &ndash; The [[Articles of Leith]] are signed in [[Edinburgh]] between the Protestant [[Lords of the Congregation]] and the Roman Catholic representatives the Scottish regent, [[Mary of Guise]], the widow of [[James V of Scotland|King James V]], who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.<ref>Pamela E. Ritchie, ''Mary of Guise in Scotland: A Political Career'' (East Linton, Tuckwell, 2002), p.224</ref>
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] authorizes the creation of the [[University of Douai]] (which will later become the [[University of Lille]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iso_AAAAYAAJ&q=L'abbaye+d'Anchin|title=L'abbaye d'Anchin, 1079-1792|last=Escallier|first=Énée Aimé|date=1852|publisher=L. Lefort|language=fr}}</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Led by Don [[Tristán de Luna y Arellano]], a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from [[Veracruz (city)|Vera Cruz]] at [[Pensacola Bay]], founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. ([[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]] is founded in [[1565]].)
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]], leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] state is established by [[Dravya Shah]], beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country of [[Nepal]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; The [[1559 papal conclave|papal conclave to elect a new pope]] opens 18 days after the death of [[Pope Paul IV]] at the [[Apostolic Palace]] in [[Rome]] with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present.<ref name=Salvador/> The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.
* [[September 19]] &ndash; Just weeks after arrival at [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]], the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by a [[hurricane]] that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with a [[galleon]], and grounds a [[caravel]]; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in [[1561]].
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Francis II of France]] is crowned at [[Reims]]. The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.<ref>Guy, John, My Heart is my Own, London, Fourth Estate, 2004, {{ISBN|1841157538}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] &ndash; At the age of 12, [[Peter the Younger|Petru cel Tânăr]] (Peter the Younger) is named as the new [[List of princes of Wallachia|Prince of Wallachia]] at the capital, [[Târgoviște]] (now in Romania) after the death of his father, [[Mircea the Shepherd]]. In response, members of Wallachian nobility ([[boyars]]) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.