Editing 1539 (section)

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Lütfi Pasha]] becomes the new [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] after being appointed by the Sultan [[Suleiman the Great]]  following the death of [[Ayas Mehmed Pasha]]
* [[July 18]] &ndash; The [[siege of Castelnuovo]] (now the town of [[Herceg Novi]] in [[Montenegro]]) is started by General [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, [[Francisco de Sarmiento]], rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the [[Holy Land]]. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.<ref name=A&P>{{cite book |last= Arsenal|first= León|author2=Prado, Fernando |title= Rincones de historia española|year= 2008 |pages=26–34 |publisher= EDAF|isbn=978-84-414-2050-2|language=es}}</ref>
*The [[siege of Castelnuovo]] ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.<ref>{{cite book |last= Martínez Laínez |first= Fernando |author2=Sánchez de Toca Catalá |author3=José María |title= Tercios de España: la infantería legendaria |year= 2006 |publisher= EDAF |page=116 |location= Madrid |isbn=978-84-414-1847-9 |language=es}}</ref><ref name=A&P/>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; King [[Francis I of France]] issues the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt]], that places the whole of [[France]] under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes [[French language|French]] the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
* [[August 17]] &ndash; The [[Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540)|revolt of Ghent]] begins in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (now [[Belgium]] as members of the city's [[guild]]s demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnade |first=Peter J. |title=Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent |date=1996 |publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=200–202 |isbn=978-0-8014-3098-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mcKhLE4BF4C}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Guru Angad Dev]] becomes the second Guru of the [[Sikhs]].