Editing 13th century BC (section)

===Middle East===
* c. 1350–1210 BC: the Igihalkid dynasty in [[Elam]]. They resume the title of "Kings of Anshan and Susa".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Louis Vanden |last=Berghe |title=Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984 |publisher=Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire |year=1983 |page=25}}</ref>
* c. 1306–1186 BC: the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]. [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], then [[Pi-Ramesses]], are the capitals of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]].<ref name="Margueron">{{Cite book |first=Jean-Claude |last=Margueron |title=Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques |publisher=Hachette Éducation Technique |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-01-140096-3 |page=384}}</ref> It is a period of relative prosperity. During the reign of [[Ramesses II]], the construction of the [[Great Hypostyle Hall]] of the temples of [[Karnak]], the [[Luxor Temple]] and the temples of [[Abu Simbel]] are completed.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Xavier |last=Barral I Altet |title=Histoire de l'art |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-13-062338-0 |page=19}}</ref>
* 1307–1275 BC: the first Assyrian mention of the ''Ahlamu'', proto-[[Aramaic]] people, during the reign of [[Adad-nirari I]], in the region of the north of the Euphrates. The Aramaeans, a Semitic people reported from the 14th century BC by the [[Amarna letters|archives]] of [[Amarna]] and then [[Ugarit]], settled in North [[Mesopotamia]], then in [[Aram (region)|Aram]] (now [[Syria]]) and [[Lebanon]] where they formed kingdoms in the [[11th century BC]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Juliet |last=Clutton-Brock |title=The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-59838-1 |page=133}}</ref> The biblical tradition of the sons of Jacob, apparently originating from the Aram Naharayim or "Aram of the two rivers", in the loop of the Euphrates, around the towns of [[Harran]] and Nahur, seems to confirm that this region was populated by Proto-Aramaic pastors around the 13th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_arameens_un_peuple_une_langue_une_ecriture_au_dela_des_empires.asp |title=Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires |first=André |last=Lemaire |website=www.clio.fr}}</ref>
* 1274 BCE: the Egyptian and Hittite Empires clash in the [[Battle of Kadesh]], with heavy losses to each side but no decisive outcome.
* [[1207 BC]]: [[Merneptah]] repels attacks by northern invaders (the "[[Sea Peoples|Sea-Peoples]]") in the 8th year of his reign, according to the [[Great Karnak Inscription]]. [[Eric H. Cline|Eric Cline]] closely links this event with the beginning of the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]].<ref>[[Eric H. Cline|Cline, Eric]]. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRcu-ysocX4 ''1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed''] [video], 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of [[Merneptah]]'s reign and the 8th year of [[Ramses III]]'s, and 4'30 for the start of the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]] "on either side of 1200 BC".</ref>