Editing 12 Angry Men (1957 film) (section)

==Production==
===Development===
[[Reginald Rose]]'s [[Twelve Angry Men |screenplay for ''12 Angry Men'']], titled ''Twelve Angry Men'', was initially produced for television and was inspired by a jury summons.{{sfn|Spiegel|2019|p=184}} Although it is unclear what trial he was summoned to,{{efn|According to scholar Phil Rosenzweig, although the prosecution of William Viragh was the most likely trial Rose served on according to his account, a handwritten list of jurors that served on that trial does not include Rose.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|pp=60–61}}}} according to Rose, in early 1954, he served as a juror on a manslaughter case in the [[New York Court of General Sessions]]. Though he and the other eleven jurors initially attended begrudgingly, Rose was deeply affected by the impassioned and deliberate atmosphere of the trial and the finality of his and the jury's verdict. Rose began writing ''Twelve Angry Men'' upon realizing that very few people knew what occurred during jury deliberations and that they could serve as an exciting setting for a drama.{{sfn|Rose|1956|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|pp=57–58}} While writing the screenplay, Rose cut planned passages of dialogue to account for a fifty-minute time slot on television, leading to the characters to be less nuanced.{{sfn|Rose|1956|pp=157}} A live production of "[[Twelve Angry Men (Westinghouse Studio One)|Twelve Angry Men]]", directed by [[Franklin Schaffner]] and starring [[Robert Cummings]] as Juror 8 and [[Franchot Tone]] as Juror 3, was broadcast on the [[CBS]] program ''[[Studio One (CBS series)|Westinghouse Studio One]]'' in September 20, 1954 to positive reviews.{{sfn|Munyan|2000|p=19, 145–146}}{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|p=74, 76–77, 80}} It received four nominations for the [[7th Primetime Emmy Awards]], winning three on March 7, 1955: "Best Actor in a Single Performance", "Best Direction", and "Best Written Dramatic Material".{{sfn|Munyan|2000|p=146}}{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|pp=87}}

In February 1955, actor [[Henry Fonda]] formed Orion Productions under a three-year deal with distributor [[United Artists]].{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|p=97}} He reportedly first saw ''Westinghouse Studio One''{{'s}} "Twelve Angry Men" as a [[kinescope]] in a Hollywood projection room following its success in the 7th Primetime Emmy Awards. He was impressed with the story and wanted to star as Juror 8.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|pp=98–99}}{{sfn|Spiegel|2019|p=184}}{{sfn|Fonda|1981|p=248}} In mid-1956, Fonda partnered with Rose to produce a film adaptation of ''12 Angry Men''.{{sfn|McKinney|2012|p=331}}{{sfn|Fonda|1981|p=248}} As part of the partnership, Rose formed Nova Productions and combined it with Fonda's Orion Productions to form Orion-Nova Productions,{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |date=July 18, 1955 |title=Fonda and Rose to Film TV Play; Actor and Author of 'Twelve Angry Men' Team for First of Star's Productions |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=16 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/18/archives/fonda-and-rose-to-film-tv-play-actor-and-author-of-twelve-angry-men.html |access-date=May 13, 2024}}</ref> and production of the film was budgeted at $340,000.{{sfn|Spiegel|2019|p=185}} To develop the screenplay and characters, Rose restored material he had cut for the broadcast and added dialogue that revealed character's backgrounds and motivations.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|p=105}}{{sfn|Spiegel|2019|p=184}}

Fonda and Rose recruited [[Sidney Lumet]] to direct ''12 Angry Men'', his film directorial debut. Lumet had previously directed numerous episodes, including adaptations of Rose's plays, for TV series such as ''[[Danger (TV series)|Danger]]'' and ''[[You Are There (TV series)|You Are There]]''.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|p=114}} Fonda said he hired Lumet because of his proficient directing skills and because he was "wonderful with actors".{{sfn|Spiegel|2019|p=185}} Lumet recruited [[Boris Kaufman]] as the cinematographer. Kaufman had recently won an [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]] for ''[[On the Waterfront]]'' (1954),{{sfn|Spiegel|2019|p=186}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/36311/On-the-Waterfront/awards |title=On the Waterfront (1954) |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429083620/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/36311/On-the-Waterfront/awards |archive-date=April 29, 2009 |access-date=July 2, 2024}}</ref> and Lumet believed Kaufman's "realist style" suited the film.{{sfn|Rosenzweig|2021|p=115}}

===Filming===
The film was shot in New York and completed after a short but rigorous rehearsal schedule, in less than three weeks, on a budget of $337,000 ({{inflation|US|337000|1957|r=-3|fmt=eq}}). Rose and Fonda took salary deferrals.<ref name=Variety /> [[Faith Hubley]], later to be known for her Oscar-winning animated efforts with spouse [[John Hubley|John]], was script supervisor for this film.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-dec-08-me-12827-story.html Faith Hubley, 77; Groundbreaking Film Animator - Los Angeles Times]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf3bsozs4-EC Historical Dictionary of Animation and Cartoons – Google Books (p.103)]</ref>

At the beginning of the film, the cameras are positioned above eye level and mounted with [[wide-angle lens]]es, to give the appearance of greater depth between subjects, but as the film progresses the [[focal length]] of the lenses is gradually increased. By the end of the film, nearly everyone is shown in closeup, using [[telephoto lens]]es from a lower angle, which decreases or "shortens" [[depth of field]]. Lumet stated that his intention in using these techniques with cinematographer [[Boris Kaufman]] was to create a nearly palpable [[claustrophobia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playhousesquare.org/bbuzz/12angrymen/d-evolution.html |title=Evolution of Twelve Angry Men |website=Playhouse Square |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |access-date=September 11, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106012115/http://www.playhousesquare.org/bbuzz/12angrymen/d-evolution.html}}</ref>