Editing 1221 (section)

==== Fifth Crusade ====
* [[June]] &ndash; Sultan [[Al-Kamil]] again offers peace terms to Cardinal [[Pelagio Galvani|Pelagius]] with the cession of [[Jerusalem]] and all [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] apart from [[Oultrejordain]], together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under [[Louis I, Duke of Bavaria|Louis I of Bavaria]] arrives at [[Damietta]], with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on [[Cairo]] until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] towards [[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansoura]], where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the [[Nile]], on [[June 29]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 140. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[July 4]] &ndash; Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King [[John of Brienne|John I of Jerusalem]] arrives at Damietta to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards [[Sheremsah]], halfway between [[Faraskur]] and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on [[July 12]]. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 140–141. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[July 24]] &ndash; Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near [[Ashmun al-Rumman]], on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent [[Alice of Champagne|Alice of Cyprus]] and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in [[Syria]]. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near [[Lake Manzaleh]] and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 141. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[August 26]]–[[August 28|28]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mansurah (1221)|Battle of Mansoura]]: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms; a naval squadron under [[Henry, Count of Malta]] ("Enrico Pescatore") defends the harbour against the Egyptians.<ref>Maalouf, Amin (2006). ''The Crusades through Arab Eyes'', pp. 225–226. Saqi Books. {{ISBN|978-0-863-56023-1}}.</ref> The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers cannot bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. The [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] set fire to the stores that they cannot carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders opening of the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape, but many are captured.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 141–142. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[August 28]] &ndash; Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta – leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After prisoners are exchanged, Al-Kamil enters Damietta on [[September 8]]. The [[Fifth Crusade]] ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to rejecting the sultan's peace offerings.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 142–143. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>