Editing 1190 (section)

==== Third Crusade ====
* [[March]] &ndash; Frederick I leaves Adrianople to [[Gallipoli]] at the [[Dardanelles]] to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]. On [[April 25]], he enters territory of the Seljuk [[Sultanate of Rum]] under the rule of Sultan [[Kilij Arslan II]]. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On [[May 7]], a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the [[Battle of Philomelion (1190)|Battle of Philomelion]], by 2,000 Crusaders.<ref>Loud, G. A. (2010). ''The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts'', p. 104. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-75466-575-5}}.</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Conrad of Montferrat]] sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]].<ref>Alan Ambrisco (1999). ''Cannibalism and Cultural Encounters in Richard Coeur de Lion'', pp. 105–106. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies.</ref>
* [[April]] &ndash; After a long siege Muslim forces under [[Saladin]] capture [[Beaufort Castle, Lebanon|Beaufort Castle]] from [[Reginald of Sidon]] who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at [[Damascus]] – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.<ref>Kennedy, Hugh (1994). ''Crusader Castles'', pp. 43–44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-42068-7}}.</ref>
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)|Siege of Acre]]: A Crusader force under King [[Guy of Lusignan]] attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with [[Greek fire]], a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and [[famine]], among the soldiers.<ref>Pryor, John H. (2015). ''A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191'', p. 108. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-47241-958-3}}.</ref>
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Battle of Iconium (1190)|Battle of Iconium]]: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son, [[Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia|Frederick VI]], takes Iconium (modern-day [[Konya]]) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.<ref>Loud, G. A. (2010). ''The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of Emperor Frederick and Related Texts'', pp. 110–111. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-75466-575-5}}.</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the [[Göksu|Göksu River]] near Selucia (modern-day [[Silifke]]) in [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilicia]]. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of [[vinegar]]. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches [[Antioch]], on [[June 21]].<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 13–14. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[September 24]] &ndash; A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted with [[mangonel]]s, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.<ref>Kenneth P. Czech. ''Third Crusade: Siege of Acre'', p. 3. Originally published in August 2001. Military History Magazine.</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; The 18-year-old [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella I]], half-sister of [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem]], marries Conrad of Montferrat at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] making him ''[[de facto]]'' king of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] (as '''Conrad I'''). He has the support of her mother [[Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem|Maria Comnena]] and stepfather [[Balian of Ibelin]], as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in the [[Crusader states|Crusader States]].
* The [[Teutonic Order]] is founded at Acre by German knights of [[Lübeck]] and [[Bremen]]. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their [[pilgrimage]]s to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).