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===Partitions and development (1815–1918)=== [[File:Lodz 1823 Plan Osady Sukienniczej Nowe Miasto.jpg|thumb|left|One of the first city plans, illustrating the [[Land lot|housing allotments]] and new development around [[Piotrkowska Street]], 1823]] In 1820, the government of the Congress Kingdom designated Łódź and its rural surroundings for [[Planned community|centrally planned]] industrial development.{{sfn|Larkham|Conzen|2014|p=153}} [[Rajmund Rembieliński]], head of the [[Administrative Council#Congress Poland|Administrative Council]] and prefect of [[Masovia]], became the president of a commission that subdivided the works two major phases; the first (1821–23) comprised the creation of a new city centre with an octagonal square (contemporary {{lang|pl|[[Liberty Square, Łódź|plac Wolności]]}}; Liberty Square) and arranged [[Land lot|housing allotments]] on [[greenfield land]] situated south of the old marketplace; the second stage (1824–28) involved the establishment of [[cotton mill]] colonies and a linear street system along with an arterial north–south thoroughfare, [[Piotrkowska Street|Piotrkowska]].{{sfn|Larkham|Conzen|2014|p=153}} Many of the early dwellings were timber cottages built for housing [[weaving|weavers]] ({{lang|pl|domy tkaczy}}).{{sfn|Larkham|Conzen|2014|pp=153–154}} During this time, a sizeable number of [[Germans|German]] craftsmen settled in the city,{{sfn|Larkham|Conzen|2014|pp=153–154}} encouraged by exemptions from tax obligations.{{sfn|Susquehanna University|1975|p=51}} Their settlement in Poland was encouraged by renowned philosopher and statesman [[Stanisław Staszic]], who acted as the director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry.{{sfn|Reddaway|Penson|Halecki|2016|p=279}} [[File:Bronisław Wilkoszewski – Fabryka Tow. Ak. Poznańskiego.jpg|thumb|left|[[Izrael Poznański]]'s industrial complex ({{lang|pl|[[Manufaktura]]}}) pictured in 1895]] In 1851, the Imperial authorities abolished a [[customs]] barrier which was imposed on Congress Poland following the failed [[November Uprising]] (1830–1831).{{sfn|Brand|Thomas|2013|p=149}} The suppression of tariffs allowed the city to freely export its goods to Russia, where the demand for textiles was high.{{sfn|Brand|Thomas|2013|p=149}} Poland's first [[steam engine|steam-powered]] loom commenced operations at Ludwik Geyer's [[White Factory]] in 1839.{{sfn|Leslie|1983|p=44}} During the first weeks of the [[January Uprising]] (1863–1864), a unit of 300 Polish insurgents entered the city without resistance and seized weapons, and later on, there were also clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops in the city.{{sfn|Zieliński|1913|pp=22, 35, 47}} In 1864, the inhabitants of adjacent villages were permitted to settle in Łódź [[abolition of serfdom in Poland|without restrictions]].{{sfn|Liszewski|Young|1997|p=16}} The development of railways in the region was also instrumental in expanding the textile industry; in 1865 the [[Łódź–Koluszki railway|Łódź–Koluszki line]], a branch of the [[Warsaw–Vienna railway]], was opened, thus providing a train connection to larger markets.{{sfn|Liszewski|Young|1997|pp=16–17}} In 1867, the city was incorporated into the [[Piotrków Governorate]], a local province.{{sfn|University of Łódź|1979|pp=22–23}} The infrastructure and edifices of Łódź were built at the expense of industrialists and [[business magnate]]s, chiefly [[Karl Wilhelm Scheibler]] and [[Izrael Poznański]], who sponsored schools, hospitals, orphanages, and [[Place of worship|places of worship]].{{sfn|van Pelt|2015|p=12}} From 1872 to 1892, Poznański established a major [[Manufaktura|textile manufactory]] composed of twelve factories, power plants, worker [[tenements]], a private fire station, and a large [[Izrael Poznański Palace|eclectic palace]].{{sfn|Charles|2015|p=28}} By the end of the century, Scheibler's {{lang|pl|[[Księży Młyn (Łódź)|Księży Młyn]]|italic=no}} became one of Europe's largest industrial complexes, employing 5,000 workers within a single facility.{{sfn|Wakeman|2020}} The years 1870–1890 saw the most intense industrialisation,{{sfn|Wandycz|2001|p=161}} which was marked by social inequalities and dire working conditions.{{sfn|Blanc|2021|p=33}} Łódź soon became a notable centre of the [[socialism|socialist]] movement and the so-called [[Łódź rebellion]]<sup>([[:pl:Bunt łódzki|pl]])</sup> in May 1892 was quelled by a military intervention.{{sfn|Blanc|2021|p=33}} [[File:Archiwum Włodzimierza Pfeiffera PL 39 596 321.png|thumb|right|The [[Łódź Cathedral|Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka]], completed in 1912, is one of Poland's tallest churches.]] The turn of the 20th century coincided with cultural and technological progress; in 1899, the first stationary [[Movie theater|cinema]] in Poland ({{lang|pl|Gabinet Iluzji}}) was opened in Łódź.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=127}} In the same year, [[Józef Piłsudski]], the future [[Marshal of Poland]], settled in the city and began printing the ''[[Robotnik (1894–1939)|Robotnik]]'' (The Worker; p. 1894–1939), an [[Polish underground press|underground newspaper]] published by the [[Polish Socialist Party]].{{sfn|Zimmerman|2022|p=138}} During the [[Łódź insurrection|June Days]] (1905), approximately 100,000 unemployed labourers went on a mass strike, barricaded the streets and clashed with troops.{{sfn|Toporowski|2013|pp=9–10}} Officially, 151 demonstrators were killed and thousands were wounded.{{sfn|Toporowski|2013|p=10}} In 1912, the [[Łódź Cathedral|Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka]] was completed and its tower at {{convert|104|m|ft}} is one of the tallest in Poland.{{sfn|Stefański|2003|p=102}}{{sfn|Bujak|2007|p=292}} Despite the impending crisis preceding [[World War I]], Łódź grew exponentially and was one of the world's most densely populated industrial cities, with a population density of {{convert|13200|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}} by 1914.{{sfn|Liszewski|Young|1997|p=117}} In the aftermath of the [[Battle of Łódź (1914)|Battle of Łódź]] (1914), the city came under [[German Empire|Imperial German]] occupation on 6 December.{{sfn|DiNardo|2010|p=14}} With [[History of Poland (1918–39)|Polish independence]] restored in November 1918, the local population disarmed the [[Imperial German army|German army]].{{sfn|Biskupski|2012|p=28}} Subsequently, the textile industry of Łódź stalled and its population briefly decreased as ethnic Germans left the city.{{sfn|Berend|2013|p=195}}
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