Editing Ötzi (section)

===Body===
[[File:OetzitheIceman-glacier-199109a.jpg|thumb|alt=Ötzi is half uncovered, facing down in a pool of water with iced banks.|Ötzi, while still frozen in the glacier, photographed by Helmut Simon upon the discovery of the body in September 1991]]
<!--  Commented out: [[File:OetzitheIceman-glacier-199109b.jpg|thumb|250px|Another early photograph of the body before its removal from the ice|alt=Another picture of the Iceman from other side, now exposed to just below the waist with the arms partially exposed]] -->

By the most recent estimates, at the time of his death, Ötzi was {{cvt|160|cm|ftin}} tall, weighed about {{cvt|50|kg}}, and was about 45 years of age.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=2000-09-26 |title=Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,373487,00.html |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2012 |title=Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman |url=https://www.livescience.com/24666-otzi-iceman-mummy-life-death.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=[[Live Science]] |publisher=[[Future plc]]}}</ref> When his body was found, it weighed {{cvt|13.750|kg|lboz}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=transcript |date=17 February 2016 |title=Iceman Reborn |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/iceman-reborn.html |access-date=2018-09-13 |website=PBS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Egarter-Vigl |first=Eduard |title=The Chalcolithic Mummy, Volume 3, In Search of Immortality |publisher=Folio Verlag |year=2006 |isbn=978-3-85256-337-4 |editor-last=Marco Samadelli |page=54 |chapter=The Preservation of the Iceman Mummy}}</ref> Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death, it had only partially deteriorated. Initial reports claimed that his [[Human penis|penis]] and most of his [[scrotum]] were missing, but this was later shown to be unfounded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hays |first=Jeffrey |title=Otzi, The Iceman – Facts and Details |url=http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501201515/http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub362/item1496.html |archive-date=2017-05-01 |access-date=2017-11-02 |website=factsanddetails.com}}</ref> Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the [[isotope|isotopic]] composition of his [[tooth enamel]] indicates that he spent his childhood near the present South Tyrol village of [[Feldthurns]], north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about {{convert|50|km}} farther north.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Wolfgang |title=Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman |date=2003-10-31 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=302 |issue=5646 |pages=862–866  |bibcode=2003Sci...302..862M |doi=10.1126/science.1089837 |pmid=14593178 |s2cid=21923588 |name-list-style=vanc |display-authors=1 |last2=Fricke |first2=H |last3=Halliday |first3=AN |last4=McCulloch |first4=MT |last5=Wartho |first5=JA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Ötzi the Iceman? |url=http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203826/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/identity.htm |archive-date=2007-12-17 |website=Mummy Tombs}}</ref>

In 2009, a [[X-ray computed tomography|CAT]] scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of [[Alpine ibex|ibex]] meat, confirmed by [[DNA analysis]], suggesting he had had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also found.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Than |first=Ker |date=2011-06-23 |title=Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626140019/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/06/110623-iceman-mummy-otzi-meal-goat-stomach-science |archive-date=2011-06-26 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> It is believed that he most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, which came from a [[wild goat]] in South Tyrol, Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceman Oetzi's last meal was 'Stone Age bacon' |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-01-iceman-oetzi-meal-stone-age.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024811/https://phys.org/news/2017-01-iceman-oetzi-meal-stone-age.html |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-11-02}}</ref> Analysis of his intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of [[chamois]] meat, the other of [[red deer]] and herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. The grain also eaten with both meals was a highly processed [[einkorn]] wheat bran,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holden |first=T.G. |title=Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84217-060-1 |editor-last=Dobney |editor-first=Keith |editor-link=Keith Dobney |location=Oxford |pages=35–40 |chapter=The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man |editor-last2=O'Connor |editor-first2=Terry}}</ref> quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and [[barley]], and seeds of [[flax]] and [[poppy]] were discovered, as well as kernels of [[Prunus spinosa|sloes]] (small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=A.G. Heiss & K. Oeggl |date=2008-02-19 |title=The plant macro-remains from the Iceman site (Tisenjoch, Italian-Austrian border, eastern Alps): new results on the glacier mummy's environment |url=http://www.erbsenzaehler.at/download/papers/Heiss%20AG,%20Oeggl%20K%202008b.pdf |journal=Veget Hist Archaeobot |volume=18 |pages=23–35 |doi=10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 |s2cid=14519658 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170705115059/http://www.erbsenzaehler.at/download/papers/Heiss%20AG,%20Oeggl%20K%202008b.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Hair analysis]] was used to examine his diet from several months before. Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude [[conifer]] forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and [[legume]]s, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of [[Ostrya|hop-hornbeam]] were also discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (estimated about two hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and [[sloe]]s in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bortenschlager |first=Sigmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=roEsBAAAQBAJ&q=Einkorn+wheat+is+harvested+in+the+late+summer,+and+sloes+in+the+autumn;+these+must+have+been+stored+from+the+previous+yea&pg=PA104 |title=The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results |last2=Oeggl |first2=Klaus |date=2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7091-6758-8 |language=en}}</ref>

High levels of both [[copper]] particles and [[arsenic]] were found in his hair. This, along with his copper axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that he was involved in copper [[smelting]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> |date=2002-09-16 |title=Iceman's final meal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330095330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2262615.stm |archive-date=2015-03-30 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

By examining the proportions of his [[tibia]], [[femur]] and [[Human pelvis|pelvis]], it was postulated that his lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. This may indicate that he was a high-altitude shepherd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruff |first=Christopher |last2=Holt |first2=BM |last3=Sládek |first3=V |last4=Berner |first4=M |last5=Murphy |first5=WA Jr |last6=Zur Nedden |first6=D |last7=Seidler |first7=H |last8=Recheis |first8=W |date=July 2006 |title=Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman" |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 |pmid=16549104}}</ref>

Using modern [[3D scanning]] technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows the Iceman looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted as looking tired and ungroomed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenzi |first=Rossella |date=2011-02-25 |title=The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face |url=http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619001445/http://news.discovery.com/history/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html |archive-date=2011-06-19 |access-date=2011-06-24 |publisher=[[Discovery News]]}}</ref>