Editing Zebrafish (section)

===Infectious diseases===
As the immune system is relatively conserved between zebrafish and humans, many human infectious diseases can be modeled in zebrafish.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meeker ND, Trede NS |title=Immunology and zebrafish: spawning new models of human disease |journal=[[Developmental and Comparative Immunology]] |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=745–757 |year=2008 |pmid=18222541 |doi=10.1016/j.dci.2007.11.011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Renshaw SA, Trede NS |title=A model 450 million years in the making: zebrafish and vertebrate immunity |journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=38–47 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22228790 |pmc=3255542 |doi=10.1242/dmm.007138}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meijer AH, Spaink HP |title=Host-pathogen interactions made transparent with the zebrafish model |journal=Current Drug Targets |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=1000–1017 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21366518 |pmc=3319919 |doi=10.2174/138945011795677809}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=van der Vaart M, Spaink HP, Meijer AH |title=Pathogen recognition and activation of the innate immune response in zebrafish |journal=[[Advances in Hematology]] |volume=2012 |page=159807 |year=2012 |pmid=22811714 |pmc=3395205 |doi=10.1155/2012/159807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The transparent early life stages are well suited for ''in vivo'' imaging and genetic dissection of host-pathogen interactions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Benard EL, van der Sar AM, Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Spaink HP, Meijer AH |title=Infection of zebrafish embryos with intracellular bacterial pathogens |journal=[[Journal of Visualized Experiments]] |issue=61 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22453760 |pmc=3415172 |doi=10.3791/3781}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meijer AH, van der Vaart M, Spaink HP |title=Real-time imaging and genetic dissection of host-microbe interactions in zebrafish |journal=Cellular Microbiology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=39–49 |date=January 2014 |pmid=24188444 |doi=10.1111/cmi.12236 |doi-access=free|hdl=1887/3736301 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Torraca V, Masud S, Spaink HP, Meijer AH |title=Macrophage-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases: new therapeutic insights from the zebrafish host model |journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=785–797 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24973749 |pmc=4073269 |doi=10.1242/dmm.015594}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Levraud JP, Palha N, Langevin C, Boudinot P |title=Through the looking glass: witnessing host-virus interplay in zebrafish |journal=[[Trends in Microbiology]] |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=490–497 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24865811 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.014}}</ref> Zebrafish models for a wide range of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens have already been established; for example, the zebrafish model for tuberculosis provides fundamental insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis of mycobacteria.<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Ramakrishnan L |chapter=Looking within the Zebrafish to Understand the Tuberculous Granuloma |volume=783 |pages=251–66 |year=2013 |pmid=23468113 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_13 |isbn=978-1-4614-6110-4 |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |title=The New Paradigm of Immunity to Tuberculosis}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramakrishnan L |title=The zebrafish guide to tuberculosis immunity and treatment |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology |volume=78 |pages=179–192 |year=2013 |pmid=24643219 |doi=10.1101/sqb.2013.78.023283 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cronan MR, Tobin DM |title=Fit for consumption: zebrafish as a model for tuberculosis |journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=777–784 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24973748 |pmc=4073268 |doi=10.1242/dmm.016089}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Meijer AH |title=Protection and pathology in TB: learning from the zebrafish model |journal=Seminars in Immunopathology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=261–273 |date=March 2016 |pmid=26324465 |pmc=4779130 |doi=10.1007/s00281-015-0522-4}}</ref> Other bacteria commonly studied using zebrafish models include ''Clostridioides difficile'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franza |first1=Maria |last2=Varricchio |first2=Romualdo |last3=Alloisio |first3=Giulia |last4=De Simone |first4=Giovanna |last5=Di Bella |first5=Stefano |last6=Ascenzi |first6=Paolo |last7=di Masi |first7=Alessandra |date=2024-11-08 |title=Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model System to Investigate the Role of the Innate Immune Response in Human Infectious Diseases |journal=[[International Journal of Molecular Sciences]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=22 |page=12008 |doi=10.3390/ijms252212008 |doi-access=free |pmid=39596075 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=11593600}}</ref> Furthermore, robotic technology has been developed for high-throughput antimicrobial drug screening using zebrafish infection models.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spaink HP, Cui C, Wiweger MI, Jansen HJ, Veneman WJ, Marín-Juez R, de Sonneville J, Ordas A, Torraca V, van der Ent W, Leenders WP, Meijer AH, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Dirks RP |display-authors=6 |title=Robotic injection of zebrafish embryos for high-throughput screening in disease models |journal=Methods |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=246–254 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23769806 |doi=10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.002 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/53161 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Veneman WJ, Marín-Juez R, de Sonneville J, Ordas A, Jong-Raadsen S, Meijer AH, Spaink HP |title=Establishment and optimization of a high throughput setup to study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum infection as a model for drug discovery |journal=[[Journal of Visualized Experiments]] |volume=88 |issue=88 |pages=e51649 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24998295 |pmc=4206090 |doi=10.3791/51649}}</ref>