Editing Zambia (section)

==Culture==
[[File:Nsima Relishes.JPG|thumb|''[[Nsima]]'' (top right corner) with three types of [[relish]].]]
Prior to the establishment of modern Zambia, the inhabitants lived in independent tribes, each with its own way of life. One of the results of the colonial era was the growth of urbanisation. Different ethnic groups started living together in towns and cities, influencing each other's way of life. They also started adopting aspects of global or universal culture, especially in terms of dressing and mannerisms.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206">{{Cite book|author1=Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson |author2=Simooya, Steriah Monica |author3=Monde, Pauline Namakau |title=Zambian Culture: Harnessing Cultural Literacy with a Focus on Myths and Taboos|publisher=UNZA Press|year=2019|isbn=978-9982-03-105-9|location=Lusaka, Zambia|pages=1–206}}</ref> Much of the original cultures of Zambia have largely survived in rural areas, with some outside influences such as Christianity. Cultures that are specific to certain ethnic groups within Zambia are known as 'Zambian cultures' while those lifestyles that are common across ethnic groups are labelled "Zambian culture" because they are practiced by almost every Zambian.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> In the urban setting, there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce what is called "Zambian culture".

[[File:African Art, Yombe sculpture, Louvre.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A [[Yombe people|Yombe]] sculpture, 19th century.]]
Zambia practices several ceremonies and rituals ranging from nationally recognised traditional ceremonies to unrecognised yet important ceremonies. Many of the ceremonies and rituals are performed on special occasions celebrating or marking achievements, anniversaries, the passage of time, coronations and presidential occasions, atonement and purification, graduation, dedication, oaths of allegiance, initiation, marriage, funeral, birth ceremonies and others.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/>

Like most African countries, Zambia practices both disclosed and undisclosed ceremonies and rituals. Among the disclosed ceremonies and rituals include calendrical or seasonal, contingent, affliction, divination, initiation and regular or daily ceremonies.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> Undisclosed ceremonies include those practiced in secret such by spiritual groups like Nyau and Nakisha dancers and traditional marriage counsellors such as alangizi women.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> As of December 2016, Zambia had 77 calendrical or seasonal traditional ceremonies recognized by government, and this number will increase in the near future.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> The ceremonies once a year include Nc'wala, Kulonga, Kuomboka, Malaila, Nsengele, Chibwela kumushi, Dantho, Ntongo, Makundu, Lwiindi, Chuungu, and Lyenya. These are known as [[Zambian traditional ceremonies]]. Some of the more prominent are: [[Kuomboka]] and [[Kathanga]] (Western Province), [[Kazembe#Mutomboko Festival|Mutomboko]] (Luapula Province), [[Kulamba ceremony|Kulamba]] and [[Ncwala]] (Eastern Province), [[Lwiindi]] and [[Shimunenga]] (Southern Province), [[Lunda Lubanza]] (North Western), [[Likumbi Lyamize]] (North Western),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ellert|first=Henrik|title=The magic of the makishi: masks and traditions in Zambia|publisher=CBC publishing|year=2004|isbn=0-9515209-9-7|location=Bath, UK|pages=38–63}}</ref> [[Mbunda Lukwakwa]] (North Western Province), [[Chibwela Kumushi]] (Central Province), [[Vinkhakanimba]] (Muchinga Province), [[Ukusefya Pa Ng'wena]] (Northern Province).

Popular traditional arts include pottery, basketry (such as [[Tonga baskets]]), stools, fabrics, mats, wooden carvings, ivory carvings, wire craft, and copper crafts. Most [[Music of Zambia|Zambian traditional music]] is based on drums (and other percussion instruments) with a lot of singing and dancing. In urban areas, foreign genres of music are popular, particularly Congolese [[Soukous|rumba]], African-American music and Jamaican reggae.

===Media===
{{Main|Media in Zambia|Telecommunications in Zambia}}
Freedoms of expression and of the press are [[constitution]]ally guaranteed in Zambia, but the government frequently restricts these rights in practice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Press Freedom survey on 186 countries |url=http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |access-date=2017-01-13 |website=Worldaudit.org |archive-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201071942/http://www.worldaudit.org/presstable.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zambia {{!}} Country report {{!}} Freedom of the Press {{!}} 2016 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia |access-date=2017-01-14 |website=Freedomhouse.org |archive-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116155841/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/zambia }}</ref> Although the ruling Patriotic Front has pledged to free state-owned media—consisting of the [[Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation]] (ZNBC) and the widely circulated ''[[Zambia Daily Mail]]'' and ''[[Times of Zambia]]''—from government editorial control, these outlets have generally continued to report along pro-government lines. Many journalists reportedly practice [[self-censorship]] since most government newspapers do have prepublication review.<ref name=":0" /> The ZNBC dominates the broadcast media, though several private stations have the capacity to reach large portions of the population.

===Sports and games===
Sports and games are common social aspects of Zambian culture(s) that bring people together for learning, development of skills, fun and joyous moments.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> Sports and games in Zambia include but are not limited to football, athletics, netball, volleyball and indigenous games such as nsolo, chiyenga, waida, hide and seek, walyako, and sojo.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> These are some of the indigenous games that support socialisation. All these sports and games are part of the Zambian culture(s). The fact that the games are played by more than one person makes them social and edutainment events.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> The history of some of these games is as old as Zambians themselves. However, Zambia started taking part in popular global sports and games mainly in 1964 Summer olympics.<ref name="Mkandawire, Sitwe Benson., Simooya, Steriah Monica., and Monde, Pauline Namakau. 2019 1–206"/> 
[[File:Inauguration of Edgar Lungu.jpg|thumb|[[National Heroes Stadium]] in [[Lusaka]].]]
Zambia declared its independence on the day of the closing ceremony of the [[1964 Summer Olympics]], thereby becoming the first country ever to have entered an Olympic Games as one country and left it as another. In 2016, Zambia participated for the thirteenth time in the Olympic games. Two medals were won. The medals were won successively in boxing and on the track. In 1984 Keith Mwila won a bronze medal in the light flyweight. In 1996 Samuel Matete won a silver medal in the 400-metre hurdles. Zambia has never participated in the Winter Olympics.

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Zambia, and the [[Zambia national football team]] has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the [[1988 Summer Olympics]] in [[Seoul]], the national team defeated the [[Italy national football team|Italian national team]] by a score of 4–0. [[Kalusha Bwalya]], Zambia's most celebrated football player, scored a hat trick in that match. However, to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on 28 April 1993 in a [[1993 Zambia national football team air disaster|plane crash]] at [[Libreville]], [[Gabon]]. Despite this, in 1996, Zambia was ranked 15th on the official FIFA World Football Team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. In 2012, Zambia won the [[African Cup of Nations]] for the first time after losing in the final twice. They beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot-out in the final, which was played in Libreville, just a few kilometers away from the plane crash 19 years previously.<ref name="Africa Cup">{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|title=Zambia score emotional African Cup win|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=11 February 2012|date=13 February 2012|archive-date=18 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718035537/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/zambia-score-emotional-african-cup-win-20120213-1t0fb.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Zambia women's national football team]] made its [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] debut at [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|the 2023 tournament]] in Australia and New Zealand, the Zambia team being one of four representing the [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF). They won their first [[FIFA Women's World Cup|Women's World Cup]] game in their first year, with [[Lushomo Mweemba]] scoring the fastest goal at the [[tournament]], and [[Barbara Banda]] adding the 1,000th goal in WWC tournament history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zambia earns first Women's World Cup win with 3-1 victory over Costa Rica |website=The Associated Press |author=Luke Vargas |date=31 Jul 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803152711/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-zambia-costa-rica-0479368443fd22795e67831ca0455f5f |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rugby Union]], [[boxing]] and [[cricket]] are also popular sports in Zambia. Notably, at one point in the early 2000s, the Australia and South Africa national rugby teams were captained by players born in the same [[Lusaka]] hospital, [[George Gregan]] and [[Corné Krige]]. Until 2014, the Roan Antelope Rugby Club in Luanshya held the Guinness World Record for the tallest rugby union goal posts in the world at 110&nbsp;ft, 6 inches high.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Book of rugby disasters & bizarre records|date=1985|publisher=Stanley Paul|author1=Fran Cotton |author2=Chris Rhys|isbn=0-09-162821-0|location=London|page=107|oclc=16923880}}</ref> This world record is now held by the [[Wednesbury Rugby Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tallest rugby union posts|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102231258/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/63633-tallest-rugby-union-posts|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Rugby union in Zambia]] is a minor but growing sport. They are currently ranked 73rd by the [[International Rugby Board|IRB]] and have 3,650 registered players and three ''formally organised'' clubs.<ref name=IRB>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union%3D11000028/index.html Zambia]. International Rugby Board</ref> Zambia used to play cricket as part of Rhodesia. Zambia has also provided a [[shinty]] international, Zambian-born [[Eddie Tembo]] representing Scotland in the [[compromise rules Shinty/Hurling]] game against Ireland in 2008.<ref>[http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm Tembo's return is boost for Glen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211180806/http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/Sport/Shinty/Tembos-return-is-boost-for-Glen-9521.htm |date=11 December 2013 }}. inverness-courier.co.uk. 15 May 2009</ref>

In 2011, Zambia was due to host the [[2011 All-Africa Games|tenth All-Africa Games]], for which three stadiums were to be built in [[Lusaka]], [[Ndola]], and [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]].<ref name="games">{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html|title=Zambia to build three stadia for 2011 All-Africa Games|publisher=People's Daily Online|access-date=6 November 2007|archive-date=24 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924005753/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200602/22/eng20060222_244775.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Lusaka stadium would have a capacity of 70,000 spectators while the other two stadiums would hold 50,000 people each. The government was encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the project. Zambia later withdrew its bid to host the 2011 All-Africa Games, citing a lack of funds. Hence, Mozambique took Zambia's place as host.

Zambia also produced the first black African ([[Madalitso Muthiya]]) to play in the [[United States Golf Open]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/05/05/a-rare-talent-from-an-unusual-source/|title=Zambia's Madalitso Muthiya a pioneer|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=5 May 2008|access-date=18 September 2013|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222257/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-05-05/sports/0805040183_1_zambia-frederick-chiluba-nationwide-tour|url-status=live}}</ref> one of the four major golf tournaments.

In 1989, the country's [[Zambia national basketball team|basketball team]] had its best performance when it qualified for the [[FIBA Africa Championship]] and thus finished as one of Africa's top ten teams.<ref>[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html 1989 African Championship for Men] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027160945/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/sid/2403/tid/0/_/1989_AfroBasket/index.html |date=27 October 2021 }}, ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</ref>

In 2017, Zambia hosted and won the Pan-African football tournament [[2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations|U-20 African Cup of Nation]] for players age 20 and under.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/12/16/zambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown/|title=Zambia outsmart South Africa to win record Cosafa U20 crown|date=16 December 2016|work=Lusaka Times|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102225752/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/12/16/zambia-outsmart-south-africa-win-record-cosafa-u20-crown/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Music and dance===
Zambia's culture has been an integral part of their development post-independence such as the uprising of cultural villages and private museums. The music which introduced dance is part of their cultural expression and it embodies the beauty and spectacle of life in Zambia, from the intricacies of the talking drums to the ''Kamangu'' drum used to announce the beginning of ''Malaila'' traditional ceremony. Dance as a practice serves as a unifying factor bringing the people together as one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/|title=The Unrivaled Zambian Culture|website=Ayiba Magazine|date=14 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330174848/http://ayibamagazine.com/unrivaled-zambian-culture/}}</ref>

====Zamrock====
[[Zamrock]] is a musical genre that emerged in the 1970s, and has developed a cult following in the West. Zamrock has been described as mixing traditional Zambian music with heavy repetitive riffs similar to groups such as [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[James Brown]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling Stones]], [[Deep Purple]], and [[Cream (band)|Cream]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/salt-thunder-mind-altering-rock-1970s-zambia|title=Salt & thunder: The mind-altering rock of 1970s Zambia|date=11 December 2015|work=Music in Africa|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708135232/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/salt-thunder-mind-altering-rock-1970s-zambia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/zamrock-zambia-music-rerelease|title=Why Zamrock is back in play|last1=S|first1=Henning Goranson|last2=Press|first2=berg for Think Africa|date=22 July 2013|website=the Guardian|access-date=25 May 2017|last3=Network|first3=part of the Guardian Africa|archive-date=22 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222003159/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/22/zamrock-zambia-music-rerelease|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable groups in the genre include [[Rikki Ililonga]] and his band [[Musi-O-Tunya]], [[Witch (Zamrock band)|WITCH]], [[Chrissy "Zebby" Tembo]], and [[Paul Ngozi]] and his Ngozi Family.<ref name="azambianband">{{cite web | url=http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band | title=We're a Zambian Band | publisher=theappendix.net | access-date=26 August 2014 | archive-date=3 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903054502/http://theappendix.net/issues/2014/7/were-a-zambian-band | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">[http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657 WITCH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035049/http://www.dustedmagazine.com/reviews/5657 |date=14 September 2017 }} on Dusted Magazine (15 April 2010)</ref>