Editing University of Pennsylvania (section)

===Rugby===
[[File:HeismanPose.jpg|thumb|[[John Heisman]], a [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]] class of 1892 alumnus and [[rugby football]] player, posing at Penn in 1891 holding an elongated ellipsoidal [[rugby ball]] and gestures resembling the famed "Heisman Pose" associated with the [[Heisman Trophy]], named in his honor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wvnews.com/morgantownnews/sports/the-heisman-remains-the-most-iconic-pose-in-sports/article_a529b513-567c-57aa-ac3f-e047dd4146e0.html |title=The Heisman remains the most iconic pose in sports |last=Hertzel |first=Bob |work=The Morgantown News |date=July 10, 2019 |access-date=April 14, 2021 }}</ref>]]

The Penn men's [[rugby football]] team is one of the oldest collegiate rugby teams in the United States. Penn first fielded a team in mid-1870s playing by rules much closer to the [[rugby union]] and [[association football]] code rules relative to [[American football]] rules (as such American football rules had not yet been invented<ref name="SASH-Farnsworth"/>). Among its earliest games was a game against the College of New Jersey, which became [[Princeton University|Princeton]] in 1895, played in Philadelphia on Saturday, November 11, 1876, which was less than two weeks before Princeton met on November 23, 1876, with [[Harvard rugby|Harvard]] and [[Columbia University|Columbia]] to confirm that all their games would be played using the rugby union rules.<ref name="Fight song">[[Rottenberg, Dan]] (1985) "Fight On, Pennsylvania" Trustees of University of Pennsylvania pp. 25, 28, 33, 34.</ref><ref name="SASH-Farnsworth" /> Princeton and Penn played their November 1876 game per a combination of rugby (there were 20 players per side and players were able to touch the ball with their hands) and Association football codes. The rugby code influence was due, in part, to the fact that some of their students had been educated in [[English public schools]].<ref name=CompleterugbyUSA>Bath (1977) p77</ref> Among the prominent alumni to play in a 19th-century version of rugby in which rules then did not allow forward passes or center snaps was [[John Heisman]], namesake of the [[Heisman Trophy]] and an 1892 graduate of the [[University of Pennsylvania Law School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/john-w-heisman/|title=John W. Heisman|accessdate=April 5, 2024}}</ref>

Heisman was instrumental in the first decade of the 20th century in changing the rules to more closely relate to the present rules of American football.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biletnikoffaward.com/fredbiletnikoff|title=History of the Forward Pass|website=biletnikoffaward.com|access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref> One of Heisman's teammates (who was unanimously voted Captain in the fall after Heisman graduated) was [[Harry Arista Mackey]], [[Penn Law]] class of 1893<ref>{{cite news |title=Mackey Their New Captain. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/12/06/104102219.pdf |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 6, 1892 |access-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> (who subsequently served as [[List of mayors of Philadelphia|Mayor of Philadelphia]] from 1928 to 1932).<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883116,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826072846/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883116,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 26, 2010|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]]|title=Milestones, Oct. 31, 1938|date=October 31, 1938}}</ref>
In 1906, Rugby per [[Rugby Union]] code was reintroduced to Penn<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Athletic Notes |magazine=Old Penn Weekly |volume=V |number=4 |date=October 19, 1906 |page=19 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=penn.ark:/81431/p3sb3x504&view=1up&seq=43&q1=rugby |via=Hathi Trust}} and {{cite magazine |title=Athletic Notes |magazine=Old Penn Weekly |volume=V |number=5 |date=October 27, 1906 |page=10 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=penn.ark:/81431/p3sb3x504&view=1up&seq=54&q1=rugby |via=Hathi Trust}}</ref> (as Penn last played per Rugby Union Code in 1882 as Penn played rugby per a number of different rugby football rulebooks and codes from 1883 through 1890s<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxuEYG6WmOsC&pg=PA53|title=Evolvements of Early American Foot Ball: Through the 1890/91 Season|author=Melvin I. Smith|year=2008|publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=9781434362476}}</ref>) by Frank Villeneuve Nicholson ([[Frank Nicholson (rugby union)]]) [[University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine]] (class of 1910),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://classicwallabies.com.au/players/[slug|title={{pipe}} Rugby Union {{pipe}} Player {{pipe}} Classic Wallabies|website=classicwallabies.com.au}}</ref> who in 1904 had captained the Australian national rugby team in its match against England.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=penn.ark:/81431/p3sb3x504&view=1up&seq=43&q1=Rugby|title=Old Penn; weekly magazine of the University of Pennsylvania. Volume 5 (1906–1907).|website=HathiTrust|year=1902}}</ref>

Penn played per rugby union code rules at least through 1912, contemporaneously with Penn playing American gridiron football. Evidence of such may be found in an October 22, 1910, ''[[Daily Pennsylvanian]]'' article (quoted below) and a yearbook photo<ref name="Penn Men">{{cite web|date=August 17, 2017|title=Penn Men|url=https://www.ivyrugby.com/penn-men|access-date=July 8, 2020|website=Ivy Rugby Conference|language=en}}</ref> that rugby per rugby union code was played.{{cquote|Such is the devotion to English rugby football on the part of University of Pennsylvania's students from New Zealand, Australia, and England that they meet on [[Franklin Field]] at 7 o'clock every morning and practice the game. The varsity track and football squads monopolize the field to such an extent that the early hours of the morning are the only ones during which the rugby enthusiasts can play. Any time except Friday, Saturday and Sunday, a squad of 25 men may be seen running through the hardest kind of practice after which they may divide into two teams and play a hard game. Once a week, captain CC Walton, ('11), dental, who hails from New Zealand, gives the enthusiastic players a blackboard talk in which he explains the intricacies of the game in detail.<ref>October 22, 1910, ''The Daily Pennsylvanian''</ref>}}

The player-coach of United States Olympic gold-winning rugby team at the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] was [[Alan Valentine]], who played rugby while at Penn (which he attended during 1921/1922 academic year) as he was getting a master's degree at Wharton.<ref name="pennolympics"/>

Though Penn played rugby per rugby union rules from 1929 through 1934,<ref>as reported in ''Evolvements of Early American Foot Ball: (see EASTERN USA RUGBY UNION TEAMS 1929/30-1950/51)'' by Melvin I. Smith ([[Library of Congress]] Control Number 2008903251 first published December 2, 2008)</ref> there is no indication that Penn had a rugby team from 1935 through 1959 when Penn men's rugby became permanent due to leadership of Harry "Joe" Edwin Reagan III<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives.upenn.edu/media/2017/06/1960record.pdf |title=The Record of 1960 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |page=217}} Note: a team photo and erroneous report that the then newly founded rugby club was first rugby team Penn had ever fielded</ref> Penn's College class of 1962 and Penn Law class of 1965, who also went onto help create and incorporate (in 1975) and was Treasurer (in 1981) of [[USA Rugby]] and Oreste P. "Rusty" D'Arconte Penn's College class of 1966<ref name="Penn Men"/> Thus, with D'Arconte's hustle and Reagan's charisma and organizational skills, a team, which had fielded a side of fifteen intermittently from 1912 through 1960, became permanent.

In spring of 1984, Penn women's rugby,<ref>The Daily Pennsylvanian, Volume C, Number 71, September 12, 1984</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19840912-01.2.47&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-Rugby+Seligson+sohn------|title =Penn women tackle a male-dominated sport |last=Ashley |first=Marc |work=The Daily Pennsylvanian |date=September 12, 1984 |via=Daily Pennsylvanian Digital Archives}}</ref> led by Social Chair Tamara Wayland (College class of 1985,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamara Wayland |url=https://www.waylandlawpc.com/tamara-wayland |website=Wayland Law }}; {{cite web |title=Meet Tamara Wayland, Attorney |url=http://bethlynnandersenjd.com/about-andersen-law-pc/tamara-wayland-attorney/ |access-date=January 26, 2021 |website=Andersen Law |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115165716/http://bethlynnandersenjd.com/about-andersen-law-pc/tamara-wayland-attorney/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> who subsequently became the women's representative to and vice president of [[USA Rugby]] South from 1996 to 1998); club president Marianne Seligson; and [[Penn Law]] student [[Gigi Sohn]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.benton.org/blog/flexibility-humility-connectivity-three-ingredients-successful-career|title=Flexibility, Humility, Connectivity: Three Ingredients for a Successful Career|date=February 7, 2019|website=Benton Foundation}}</ref> began to compete. Penn women's rugby team is coached, as of 2020, by (a) Adam Dick,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upennwrfc.wixsite.com/home/untitled-c1nhz|title=ABOUT|website=home}}</ref> a 300-level certified coach with over 15 years of rugby coaching experience including being the first coach of the first women's rugby team at the [[University of Arizona]] and who was a four-year starter at University of Arizona men's first XV rugby team and (b) Philly women's player Kate Hallinan.

Penn's men's rugby team plays in the [[Ivy Rugby Conference]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upennrugby.com/|title=The Official Website of the University of Pennsylvania's Men's Rugby Football Club|website=upennrugby.com}}</ref> and have finished as runners-up in both 15s and 7s in the Conference and won the Ivy Rugby Tournament in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |work=Rugby Mag |title=College 7s Looks to CRC |date=December 12, 2012 |url=http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments-special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181127/http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments-special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html |archive-date=January 16, 2013 }}</ref> {{as of|2011}}, the club uses the state-of-the-art facilities at [[Penn Park]]. The Penn Quakers' rugby team played on national TV at the 2013 [[Collegiate Rugby Championship]], a college rugby tournament that for number of years had been played each June at [[Subaru Park]] in Philadelphia, and was broadcast live on [[NBC]]. In their inaugural appearance in the tournament, the Penn men's rugby team won the Shield Competition, beating local [[Philadelphia Big 5|Big Five]] rival, [[Temple University]], 17–12 in the final. In the semifinal match of that Shield Competition, Penn Rugby became the first Philadelphia team to beat a non-Philadelphia team in CRC history, with a 14–12 win over the [[University of Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usasevenscrc.com/fixtures-and-results/|title=Fixtures and Results|work=usasevenscrc.com|access-date=June 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616152700/http://www.usasevenscrc.com/fixtures-and-results/|archive-date=June 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2020, Penn men's rugby team is coached by Tiger Bax,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upennrugby.org/team |title=Team: Coaching staff |website=University of Pennsylvania Men's Rugby Football Club}}</ref> a former professional rugby player hailing from [[Cape Town, South Africa]], whose playing experience includes stints in the [[Super Rugby]] competition with the [[Stormers]] (15s) and Mighty Mohicans (7s), as well as with the [[Gallagher Premiership Rugby]] side, [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/saracens/9409872.stm|title=Saracens sign South African Bax|date=February 28, 2011|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> and whose coaching experience includes three successful years as coach at Valley Rugby Football Club in [[Hong Kong]]; and Tyler May, from [[Cherry Hill, New Jersey]], who played rugby at [[Pennsylvania State University]] where he was a first XV player for three years.

Penn's graduate business and law schools also fielded rugby teams. The Wharton rugby team has competed from 1978 to the present.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wharthogs.com/ |title=Wharton Rugby Football Club |website=wharthogs.com/ |access-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806044430/http://www.wharthogs.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Penn Law Rugby team (1985 through 1993) counts among its alumni Walter Joseph [[Jay Clayton (attorney)|Jay Clayton]], III<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. SEC chairman speaks at Ocean City H.S.|url=http://www.ocsentinel.com/news/u-s-sec-chairman-speaks-at-ocean-city-h-s/article_b8c160b0-821b-11e9-bf75-77961af868b1.html|access-date=July 26, 2019|website=Ocean City Sentinel|archive-date=July 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726204351/http://www.ocsentinel.com/news/u-s-sec-chairman-speaks-at-ocean-city-h-s/article_b8c160b0-821b-11e9-bf75-77961af868b1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Penn Law class of 1993, and chair of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] from May 4, 2017, until December 23, 2020, Raymond Hulser, former Chief of [[Public Integrity Section]] of [[United States Department of Justice]]<ref name=gao>{{cite journal|last=Ekstrand|first=Laurie E. |title=DOJ's Public Integrity Section: Case Management Policies Followed, but Closing Some Matters Took Too Long |journal=[[U.S. Government Accountability Office|U.S. General Accounting Office]] |date=January 2001|series=Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives (GAO-01-122) |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/157010.pdf}}</ref> (who also was hired by [[Smith special counsel investigation|DOJ special counsel Jack Smith to investigate the alleged mishandling by former President Donald J. Trump of certain top secret documents]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Zachary |last2=Polantz |first2=Katelyn |last3=Sneed |first3=Tierney |last4=Murray |first4=Sara |last5=Reid |first5=Paula |date=2023-01-06 |title=Two years after US Capitol attack, investigation into Trump and insurrection enters new phase |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/06/politics/january-6-justice-department-jack-smith-trump-investigation/index.html |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=[[CNN Politics]] |language=en |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106161349/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/06/politics/january-6-justice-department-jack-smith-trump-investigation/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[United States magistrate judge|Magistrate Judge]] Bruce Reinhart<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flsd.uscourts.gov/content/judge-bruce-e-reinhart | title=Judge Bruce e. Reinhart {{pipe}} Southern District of Florida {{pipe}} United States District Court }}</ref> who approved the [[FBI search of Mar-a-Lago|search of Mar-a-Lago]], the residence of current U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://nyti.ms/3QWtNY6 | title=Bruce Reinhart, the Magistrate Judge Who Approved the Mar-a-Lago Search | work=The New York Times | date=August 18, 2022 | last1=Montague | first1=Zach | last2=Robles | first2=Frances }}</ref>

Undergraduate Penn Rugby Alumni include (1) [[Conor Lamb]] (Penn College class of 2006 and Penn Law class of 2009), who played for undergraduate team, and, as of 2021, is a member of [[United States House of Representatives]], elected originally to [[Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district]], since 2019 is a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district]] and (2) Argentina's richest person,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Meet Argentina's richest man |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2024/04/25/meet-argentinas-richest-man |access-date=30 June 2024 |magazine=The Economist |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Marcos Galperin]] (Wharton Undergraduate Class of 1994), a premier player on the 1992 Ivy League Tournament championship team,<ref>{{cite news |work=Miami Herald |title=Miami Sharks pro rugby team has deep Argentina ties, will play at Inter Miami ... |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/mls/inter-miami/article279381349.htmlports/mls/inter-miami/article279381349.html |url-access=subscription}}</ref> who founded [[Mercado Libre]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Profile: Marcos Galperin|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/marcos-galperin|access-date=3 September 2021|work=Forbes}}</ref> an [[online marketplace]] dedicated to [[e-commerce]] and [[online auction]], which, as of 2016,<ref name="lar">{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2017 |title=The Free Market portal sold 181.2 million products in 2016 |url=http://www.larepublica.co/el-portal-mercado-libre-vendi%C3%B3-1812-millones-de-productos-en-2016_479791 |publisher=La Republica}}</ref> is the most popular e-commerce site in South America by number of visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most popular online retailers in Latin America |url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/321543/latin-america-online-retailer-visitors |access-date=2016-04-28 |publisher=[[Statista]]}}</ref>