Editing Tourism (section)

== Tourism industry growth ==
[[File:AYRIVANK MONASTERY 103 (cropped).JPG|thumb|140px|[[Cultural tourism]]: tourists outside a [[Geghard]] monastery in [[Armenia]], 2015]]

In 2004 the [[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) forecasts that international tourism will continue growing at the average annual rate of 4 percent.<ref name="predict">{{cite web| year = 2004| url = http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm| title = Long-term Prospects: Tourism 2020 Vision| publisher = World Tourism| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040619001112/http://www.world-tourism.org/market_research/facts/market_trends.htm| archive-date = 19 June 2004}}</ref> With the advent of [[electronic commerce|e-commerce]], tourism products have become prominent traded items on the internet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/2704/online-travel-market/|title=Online travel market - Statistics & Facts|last=Lock|first=S.|date=3 July 2018|website=Statista}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/499694/forecast-of-online-travel-sales-worldwide/|title=Digital travel sales worldwide from 2014 to 2020|last=Statista Research Department|date=23 July 2019|website=Statista}}</ref> Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.), including small-scale operators, can sell their services directly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Jie|last2=Lu|first2=Zi|date=1 July 2004|title=Development, Distribution and Evaluation of Online Tourism Services in China|journal=Electronic Commerce Research|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=221–39|doi=10.1023/B:ELEC.0000027981.81945.2a|s2cid=6473875|issn=1389-5753}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karanasios|first1=Stan|last2=Burgess|first2=Stephen|date=1 March 2008|title=Tourism and internet adoption: a developing world perspective|journal=International Journal of Tourism Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=2|pages=169–82|doi=10.1002/jtr.649|issn=1522-1970}}</ref>

As a result of the [[late-2000s recession]], international arrivals experienced a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008. Growth from 2007 to 2008 was only 3.7 percent during the first eight months of 2008. This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reported a slowdown, with room occupancy declining. In 2009 worldwide tourism arrivals decreased by 3.8 percent.<ref name="UNWTO">{{cite web|last=UNWTO|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights|url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf|publisher=UNWTO|access-date=2 May 2012|archive-date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the first quarter of 2009, real travel demand in the United States had fallen 6 percent over six quarters. While this was considerably milder than what occurred after the [[September 11 attacks]], the decline was at twice the rate, as real GDP has fallen.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/economics/commerce/tourism-impacts-world-economic-crisis-north-america/ | title=Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism: North America}} JournalistsResource.org. Retrieved 22 June 2012</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ritchie | first1 = J.R. Brent | last2 = Amaya Molinar | first2 = Carlos Mario | last3 = Frechtling | first3 = Douglas C. | year = 2011 | title = Impacts of the World Recession and Economic Crisis on Tourism: North America | journal = Journal of Travel Research | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–15 | doi = 10.1177/0047287509353193 | s2cid = 154854770 }}</ref> However, evidence suggests that tourism as a global phenomenon shows no signs of substantially abating in the long term.<ref>Spencer, A., Tarlow, P. E., Gowreesunkar, V. G., Maingi, S. W., Roy, H., Micera, R., ... & Lane, W. (2021). Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context, New York, Emerald.</ref> The UNWTO has noted, that tourists increasingly view vacations and travel as a necessity rather than a luxury, and that this shift in attitudes may explain tourist numbers recovering globally in 2009.<ref name="UNWTO" />

It has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capita and the degree to which countries play in the global context.<ref name="correl">{{cite web| year = 2007| url = http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/| title = airports & tourists| publisher = Global Culture| access-date = 1 May 2007| archive-date = 5 June 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605113933/http://global-culture.org/blog/2007/01/27/airports-tourists/| url-status = dead}}</ref> Not only as a result of the important economic contribution of the tourism industry, but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their [[Community-based economics|local economies]]. This is why any projections of growth in tourism may serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future.

=== Liabilities and insurance ===
After the [[September 11 attacks]] the tourism industry operators had to consider the health and safety of tourists because it became increasingly difficult to obtain [[liability insurance]]. The organisations willing to provide [[insurance]] to tourism industry operators required, that operators put in place [[best practice]] risk management structures. This included, that whatever was promised in the contract about the holiday was really delivered by the operator.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2013|title=Managing Tourist Health and Safety in the New Millennium|publisher=Taylor & Francis |editor1= Jeff Wilks |editor2=Stephen J Stephen |isbn=9781136381348}}</ref>

=== Space tourism ===
{{Main|Space tourism}}

[[File:White Knight Two and SpaceShipTwo from directly below.jpg|thumb|right|[[SpaceShipTwo]], a major project in [[space tourism]]]]

There has been a limited amount of orbital [[space tourism]], with only the [[Russian Space Agency]] providing transport to date. A 2010 report into space tourism anticipated that it could become a billion-dollar market by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Economic Impact of Commercial Space Transportation on the U. S Economy in 2009|url=http://www.faa.gov/news/updates/media/Economic%20Impact%20Study%20September%202010_20101026_PS.pdf|access-date=5 May 2012|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|date=September 2010|page=11}}</ref><ref>Cohen, E. (2017). The paradoxes of space tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(1), 22-31.</ref> The space market has been around since 1979, however, there has been a limited amount of orbital [[space tourism]], with only the [[Russian Space Agency]] providing transport on its [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and the Chinese [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]] being the only two spacecrafts suitable for human travel . In April 2001, Dennis Tito, a customer of the Russian Soyuz became the first tourist to visit space. In May 2011, [[Virgin Galactic]] launched its [[SpaceShipTwo]] plane that allows people to travel 2 hours space at the advertised price of $200,000 per seat. A challenge that the commercial space tourism industry faces is to be able to have fundings from private investments needed to lower the cost of access to space in addition to being able to encourage both private and public sector support to increase capacity to allow commercial passengers. With space tourism still being new concept, there are many factors that needs to be considered for the industry. From its actual demand to its risk factor to its liabilities and insurance issues, there are still a lot of research that needs to be conducted. A 2010 report into space tourism anticipated that the industry is expected to grow by 18% - 26% per year during 2020 to 2030.

=== Sports tourism ===
{{Main|Sports tourism}}
Sports tourism that attracts spectators is associated with negative impacts such as traffic congestion, vandalism, and anti-social behaviour. Sports tourist destinations may therefore be subject public displays of resentment and antagonism even though the host community benefits substantially. Sports tourism growth and decline can be subject to international commercial sporting events. For example, the irreversible environmental damage caused by the [[1992 Winter Olympics]] is cited as a reason for stagnating ski tourism.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2007|author1=James Higham|title=Sport Tourism Destinations|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136364617|page=225}}</ref>

=== Security in Tourism ===
Security in Tourism is a sub-discipline of tourist studies that explores the factors that affect the ontological security of tourists. Risks are evaluated by their impact and nature.<ref>Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, security and safety. Routledge.</ref> Tourism security includes methodologies, theories and techniques oriented to protect the organic image of tourist destinations.<ref>Tarlow, P. (2014). Tourism security: strategies for effectively managing travel risk and safety. Elsevier.</ref> Three academic waves are significant in tourism security: risk perception theory, disaster management, and post-disaster consumption.<ref>Vanessa GB Gowreesunkar et al. 2020. Tourism Destination Management in a Post-Pandemic Context: Global Issues and Destination Management Solutions, Emerald</ref>

Andrew Spencer & Peter Tarlow argue that tourism security is not an easy concept to define. It includes a set of sub-disciplines, and global risks different in nature which cause different effects in the tourism industry. The rise of tourism security and safety as a consolidated discipline coincides with the globalization and ultimate maturation of the industry worldwide. Some threats include, for example, terrorist groups looking to destabilize governments affecting not only the local economies but killing foreign tourists to cause geopolitical tensions between delivery-country and receiving-tourist countries. Today, island destinations are more affected by terrorism and other global risks than other continent destinations <ref>{{Cite book|date=2014|title=Tourism Security|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-06812-3|doi=10.1016/c2012-0-06812-3|isbn=9780124115705}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Spencer|first1=Andrew|title=Introduction|date=2021-02-22|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-80071-318-520211003/full/html|work=Tourism Safety and Security for the Caribbean|pages=1–14|publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited|doi=10.1108/978-1-80071-318-520211003|isbn=978-1-80071-319-2|access-date=2021-11-30|last2=Tarlow|first2=Peter|s2cid=240831742}}</ref>

=== Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism}}

In 2020 the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] travel bans and a substantial reduction in passenger travel by air and sea contributed to a [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism|sharp decline in tourism activity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |first=Curtis |title=International tourism won't come back until late 2021, UN panel predicts |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/10/27/international-tourism-rebound-late-2021-un-panel-covid-19/3748489001/ |access-date=2020-11-24 |website=USA TODAY }}</ref> The [[World Tourism Organization|World Tourism Organization (WTO)]] reported a 70% decrease in international travel in 2020, where 165 of 217 worldwide destinations completely stopped international tourism by April 2020. Since every country imposes different travel restrictions, it makes traveling plans complicated and often too difficult to figure out, thus the willingness to travel for the general population decreases. It is estimated that the United States lost 147 billion U.S. dollars in revenue from tourism between January and October 2020. Spain had the next highest loss of revenue at around 46.7 billion U.S dollars, and countries in Africa collectively lost about 55 billion dollars during April and June 2020.{{citation needed||date=July 2024}}