Editing Spain (section)

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Spain}}
Spain is a [[Western world|Western country]] and one of the major [[Romance-speaking Europe|Latin countries]] of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence.<ref name="r079">{{cite web | title=Countries With the Most Cultural Influence | website=U.S. News | date=1 January 2024 | url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/rankings/influence | access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the [[Catholic Church]], which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spain Transformed: The Franco Dictatorship, 1959-1975|first=N.
|last=Townson|year=2007| isbn=9780230592643| page =7|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalised Spanish language and culture, with Spain also absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire.

=== World Heritage Sites ===
{{Main|World Heritage Sites in Spain}}
{{See also|Castles in Spain|Cathedrals in Spain}}
Spain has 50 [[World Heritage Site]]s. These include the landscape of [[Monte Perdido]] in the [[Pyrenees]], which is shared with France, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the [[Côa Valley]] and [[Siega Verde]], which is shared with Portugal, the [[Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija|Heritage of Mercury]], shared with Slovenia and the [[Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests]], shared with other countries of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/es|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|access-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926042250/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/es|archive-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> In addition, Spain has also 14 [[Intangible cultural heritage]], or "Human treasures".<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain – Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/state/es|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|access-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914115731/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/state/es|archive-date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Spanish literature|Catalan literature|Galician literature|Basque literature}}
{{See also|Latin American literature|Royal Spanish Academy|Instituto Cervantes}}
Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic Romance]] (such as refrains) sprinkled in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] texts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Spanish Literature|first=David T.|last=Gies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-521-80618-6|pages=73–74}}</ref> Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the ''[[Glosas Emilianenses]]'' written in Latin, Basque and Romance.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=90|url=http://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/LET/article/view/1774|journal=Letras|issn=0326-3363|publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina|Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires]]|volume=2|year=2015|issue=72|title=Literatura hispanorromance primigenia : la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60|first=María de los Ángeles|last=Dapueto Reyes|access-date=23 May 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072649/https://erevistas.uca.edu.ar/index.php/LET/article/view/1774|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bronze statues of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.jpg|thumb|Bronze statues of [[Don Quixote]] and [[Sancho Panza]], at the [[Plaza de España (Madrid)|Plaza de España]] in [[Madrid]]]]

Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in [[Latin language|Latin]], which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spanish Literature. A Very Short Introduction|first=Jo|last=Labanyi|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-920805-0|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=18–19}}</ref> A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, [[Spanish language|Castilian]]. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside [[Galician-Portuguese]] across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century.{{Sfn|Labanyi|2010|p=24}} The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry, [[Occitan language|Occitan]], became increasingly [[Catalan language|Catalanised]] in the 14th and 15th centuries.{{Sfn|Labanyi|2010|p=21}} Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the ''[[Cantar de Mio Cid]]'', ''[[Tirant lo Blanch]]'', ''[[The Book of Good Love]]'' and ''[[Coplas por la muerte de su padre]]''. Genres such as [[Mester de Juglaría]] and [[Mester de Clerecía]] were cultivated.

Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a [[Spanish Golden Age|Golden era of Castilian literature]] in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.academia.edu/34053466|title=The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience|first=Carla|last=Amorós Negre|journal=Sociolinguistica|issn=0933-1883|issue=30|volume=1|year=2016|pages=26–28|doi=10.1515/soci-2016-0003|s2cid=132493573|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531021154/https://www.academia.edu/34053466|url-status=live}}</ref> Famous Early Modern works include ''[[La Celestina]]'' and ''[[Lazarillo de Tormes]]''. The famous ''[[Don Quixote|Don Quijote de La Mancha]]'' by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] was written in this time. Other writers from the period are: [[Francisco de Quevedo]], [[Lope de Vega]], [[Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón de la Barca]] or [[Tirso de Molina]]. During the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] authors included, [[Benito Jerónimo Feijóo]], [[Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos]], and [[Leandro Fernández de Moratín]].

Steps of [[Romanticism in Spanish literature|Spanish Romantic literature]] (initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=226; 228–229|url=https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cir/article/view/236/2058|publisher=[[University of Cádiz|Editorial UCA]]|title=La extensión del Romanticismo en España|first=José Luis|last=González Subías|journal=Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII|issn=2173-0687|issue=15|year=2007|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412011002/https://revistas.uca.es/index.php/cir/article/view/236/2058|url-status=live}}</ref> In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Epos-2007-23B18B1E-0906-715F-602D-3CC2DE6C852C/edad_plata.pdf|title=La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata : cultura y filología|first=Francisco|last=Abad|journal=Epos. Revista de Filología|issue=23|year=2007|pages=244–245|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412004832/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Epos-2007-23B18B1E-0906-715F-602D-3CC2DE6C852C/edad_plata.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|page=317|title=Redefining the Spanish Silver Age and '98 Within It |first=Nelson R.|last=Orringer|journal=Anales de la literatura Española Contemporánea|volume=23|issue=1/2|year=1998|jstor=25642011|publisher=Society of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies}}</ref>

The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of [[Spanish Realist literature|Spanish Realism]], which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticised or stylised presentations.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The major realist writer was [[Benito Pérez Galdós]].{{sfn|Labanyi|2010|p=61}} The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan ''[[Renaixença]]'' or the Galician ''[[Rexurdimento]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C&pg=PA103|page=103|title=Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages|first=Paolo|last=Coluzzi|year=2007|publisher=[[Peter Lang AG|Peter Lang]]|isbn=9783039110414|access-date=15 April 2022|archive-date=12 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033942/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1960s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century.{{Sfn|Coluzzi|2007|pp=103–104}} 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the [[Generation of 1898|Generation of '98]], the [[Generation of '27]], [[Generation of '36]] and the [[Generation of '50]]. [[Premio Planeta de Novela]] and [[Miguel de Cervantes Prize]] are the two main awards in Spanish literature.

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Spanish philosophy}}
The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as [[Seneca the Young|Seneca]], [[Trajan]], [[Lucan]], or [[Martial]]); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the [[Generation of 98]]); or simply by outright denying its existence.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/279/27962050010/27962050010.pdf|title=Genesis problem of philosophical thought in spanish historiography|last1=Antonova|last2=Myagkov|last3=Nikolaeva|first1=N.V.|first2=G.P|first3=O.A|journal=Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana|volume=24|issue=5|year=2019|publisher=[[Universidad del Zulia]]|pages=66–67|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401042617/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/279/27962050010/27962050010.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of [[Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo]] (chief architect of the myth around it)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~cin/Modern%20Philisophy%20(XVII-XX)/Intro%20to%20Modern%20Spanish%20Philosophy%20(Caponigri).pdf|title=Contemporary Spanish Philosophy|first=A. Robert|last=Caponigri|year=1967|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=2 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402143134/https://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~cin/Modern%20Philisophy%20(XVII-XX)/Intro%20to%20Modern%20Spanish%20Philosophy%20(Caponigri).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> against Antonio Pérez.{{Sfn|Antonova|Myagkov|Nikolaeva|2019|p=67}} Foreign imports such as [[Krausism]] proved to be extremely influential in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries.{{Sfn|Caponigri|1967|p=169–170}}

=== Art ===
{{Main|Spanish art}}
[[File:Las Meninas, by Diego Velázquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|es|[[Las Meninas]]}} by [[Diego Velázquez]]]]
Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and [[Hispanic America|American]] [[art movement|artistic movements]]. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in [[Andalusia]], is still evident today. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Renaissance, [[Baroque|Spanish Baroque]] and [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the [[Pre-Romanesque art and architecture]], [[Herrerian]] architecture or the [[Isabelline Gothic]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included [[El Greco]], [[José de Ribera]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]] and [[Francisco Zurbarán]]. Also in the Baroque period, [[Diego Velázquez]] created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as {{Lang|es|[[Las Meninas]]}} and {{Lang|es|[[Las Hilanderas (Velázquez)|Las Hilanderas]]}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Anirudh|title=10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez {{!}} Learnodo Newtonic|url=https://learnodo-newtonic.com/diego-velazquez-famous-paintings|access-date=21 November 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124092357/https://learnodo-newtonic.com/diego-velazquez-famous-paintings|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Francisco Goya]] painted during a historical period that includes the [[Peninsular War|Spanish Independence War]], the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

[[Joaquín Sorolla]] is a well-known modern impressionist painter and there are many important Spanish painters belonging to the modernism art movement, including [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Juan Gris]] and [[Joan Miró]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Sculpture ===
[[File:Chillida-peine.jpg|thumb|''The Comb of the Wind'' of [[Eduardo Chillida]] in [[San Sebastián]]]]

The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. [[Alonso Berruguete]] ([[Valladolid]] School) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture". His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the [[Cathedral of Toledo]], the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the church of Santa Úrsula in the same locality. Other notable sculptors were [[Bartolomé Ordóñez]], [[Diego de Siloé]], [[Juan de Juni]] and [[Damià Forment|Damián Forment]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

There were two Schools: the [[Sevillian school of sculpture|Seville School]], to which [[Juan Martínez Montañés]] belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the [[Granadan school of sculpture|Granada School]], to which [[Alonso Cano]] belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary, are attributed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were [[Pedro de Mena]], [[Pedro Roldán]] and his daughter [[Luisa Roldán]], [[Juan de Mesa]] and [[Pedro Duque Cornejo]]. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were [[Julio González (sculptor)|Julio González]], [[Pablo Gargallo]], [[Eduardo Chillida]], and [[Pablo Serrano]].

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Spain}}
[[File:Pedro Almodovar and Penélope Cruz 2.jpg|thumb|[[Pedro Almodóvar]] and [[Penélope Cruz]] in Oviedo]]

After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the World War I.{{Sfn|Montes Fernández|2011|pp=602–603}} The conflict offered the Spanish industry of [[silent film]]s an opportunity for further growth.{{Sfn|Montes Fernández|2011|p=603}} Local studios for [[sound film]]s were created in 1932.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense|volume=XLIV|year=2011<!--|pages=597-622-->|issn=1133-3677|title=Recordando la historia del cine español|first=Francisco José|last=Montes Fernández|page=|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3625523.pdf|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417135936/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3625523.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The government imposition of dubbing of foreign films in 1941 accustomed Spanish audiences to watching [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed film]]s.{{Sfn|Montes Fernández|2011|pp=609–610}}

Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including [[Academy Award|Oscars]] for films such as ''[[Pan's Labyrinth]]'' and ''[[Volver]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jordan|first1=Barry|first2=Rikki|last2=Morgan-Tamosunas|author-link2=Rikki Morgan-Tamosunas|title=Contemporary spanish cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryspan0000jord|url-access=registration|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1998}}</ref>

Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the ''[[Fantaterror]]'', the [[cine quinqui|cine ''quinqui'']] and the so-called {{ill|Cine de destape|es|lt=''destape''}} films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/el-cultural/cine/20191213/viaje-cara-cine-espanol/451706612_0.html|website=[[El Cultural]]|via=[[El Español]]|title=Viaje por la cara B del cine español|date=13 December 2019|first=Javier|last=Yuste|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401051257/https://www.elespanol.com/el-cultural/cine/20191213/viaje-cara-cine-espanol/451706612_0.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2021, the festivals of [[San Sebastián International Film Festival|San Sebastián]] and [[Málaga Film Festival|Málaga]] are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.audiovisual451.com/el-festival-de-san-sebastian-y-el-de-malaga-entre-las-diez-iniciativas-culturales-mas-importantes-de-espana-de-2021/|date=9 February 2022|website=Audiovisual451|title=El Festival de San Sebastián y el de Málaga, entre las diez iniciativas culturales más importantes de España en 2021|access-date=1 April 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209173041/https://www.audiovisual451.com/el-festival-de-san-sebastian-y-el-de-malaga-entre-las-diez-iniciativas-culturales-mas-importantes-de-espana-de-2021/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Spanish architecture}}
[[File:Sagrada Família. Façana del Naixement (cropped).jpg|thumb|Basilica [[Sagrada Família]] in [[Barcelona]]]]
Earth and [[gypsum]] are very common materials of the traditional [[vernacular architecture]] in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located).<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Earth and gypsum: From theory to practice in Spanish vernacular architecture|first=V|last=La Spina|title=Vernacular and Earthen Architecture: Conservation and Sustainability|year=2018|editor-first=C.|editor-last=Mileto|editor-first2=F.|editor-last2=Vegas López-Manzanares|editor-first3=L.|editor-last3=García-Soriano|editor-first4=V.|editor-last4=Cristini|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-138-03546-1|pages=153–154}}</ref> Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of [[Islamic architecture|Islamicate architecture]], belonging to the [[Moorish architecture|Western Islamic tradition]], were built in the Middle Ages in places such as [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Seville]], or [[Granada]]. Similarly to the Maghreb, [[stucco]] decoration in [[Al-Andalus]] became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Architecture of the Islamic West. North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula|first=Jonathan M.|last=Bloom|location=New Haven and London|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-21870-1|year=2020|page=88}}</ref>

Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a [[pre-Romanesque]] style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] streams. There was then an extraordinary flourishing of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called [[Mudéjar art|Mudéjar style]] came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.{{Sfn|Bloom|2020|p=171}}

The arrival of [[Modernism]] produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centred in [[Barcelona]], known as [[modernisme]], produced a number of important architects, of which [[Gaudí]] is one. The [[International Style (architecture)|International style]] was led by groups like [[GATEPAC]]. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in [[contemporary architecture]] and [[:Category:Spanish architects|Spanish architects]] like [[Rafael Moneo]], [[Santiago Calatrava]], [[Ricardo Bofill]] as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Music and dance ===
{{Main|Music of Spain}}
[[File:Flamenco en el Palacio Andaluz, Sevilla, España, 2015-12-06, DD 17.JPG|thumb|[[Flamenco]] is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from [[Seguidilla]]]]

Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with [[flamenco]], a West Andalusian musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region.<ref>{{cite book|last= Leblon|first= Bernard|translator-last= Ni Shuinear|translator-first= Sinead|title= Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=farZoyKozikC|location= Hatfield|publisher= [[University of Hertfordshire Press]]|year= 2003|isbn= 9781902806051|pages=72–73}}</ref> Various regional styles of [[folk music]] abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.

In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as [[Isaac Albéniz]], [[Manuel de Falla]] and [[Enrique Granados]] and singers and performers such as [[Plácido Domingo]], [[José Carreras]], [[Montserrat Caballé]], [[Alicia de Larrocha]], [[Alfredo Kraus]], [[Pablo Casals]], [[Ricardo Viñes]], [[José Iturbi]], [[Pablo de Sarasate]], [[Jordi Savall]] and [[Teresa Berganza]]. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the [[Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra|Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona]], [[Orquesta Nacional de España]] and the [[Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid]]. Major [[opera houses]] include the [[Teatro Real]], the [[Gran Teatre del Liceu]], [[Teatro Arriaga]] and the [[El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía]].

Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals [[Sónar]] which features pop and techno acts, and [[Festival Internacional de Benicàssim|Benicàssim]] which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/london/festivals/|title=Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals|publisher=Spoonfed.co.uk|access-date=1 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028170946/http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/london/festivals/|archive-date=28 October 2011 }}</ref> The [[Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival]] is one of the main ones in its genre.

The most popular traditional [[musical instrument]], the guitar, originated in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linguatics.com/guitar.htm|title=The History of the Guitar in Spain|publisher=Linguatics.com|access-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082016/http://www.linguatics.com/guitar.htm|archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or ''[[gaita (bagpipe)|gaiteros]]'', mainly in Asturias and Galicia.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Spanish cuisine}}

Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep [[Mediterranean]] roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:

'''''Mediterranean''''' Spain – coastal regions, from Catalonia to Andalusia – heavy use of seafood, such as ''pescaíto frito'' (fried fish); cold soups like ''[[gazpacho]]''; and many rice-based dishes like ''[[paella]]'' from Valencia<ref name="paella" /> and ''[[arròs negre]]'' (black rice) from Catalonia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-12-01/restaurants/spain-gain-at-mercat-negre/|title=Spain Gain at Mercat Negre|work=The Village Voice|date=1 December 2009|last=DiGregorio|first=Sarah|location=New York|access-date=6 August 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208050334/http://www.villagevoice.com/2009-12-01/restaurants/spain-gain-at-mercat-negre/|archive-date=8 December 2009 }}</ref>

'''''Inner''''' Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based ''Castilian soup'', along with substantial stews such as ''[[cocido madrileño]]''. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as [[Spanish ham]], or immersed in [[olive oil]], such as [[Manchego cheese]].

'''''Atlantic''''' Spain – the Northern coast, including [[Asturian cuisine|Asturian]], [[Basque cuisine|Basque]], [[Cantabrian cuisine|Cantabrian]] and [[Galician cuisine]] – vegetable and fish-based stews like ''[[caldo gallego]]'' and ''[[marmitako]]''. Also, the lightly cured ''[[Lacón Gallego|lacón]]'' ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style [[cod]], [[albacore]] or [[anchovy]] or the Galician octopus-based ''[[polbo á feira]]'' and shellfish dishes.

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| image1            = 01 Paella Valenciana original.jpg
| width1            = 190
| caption1          = [[Paella]], a traditional [[Valencian Community|Valencian]] dish<ref name="paella">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/article2277058.ece|title=Spain's perfect paella|date=19 August 2007 |last=Richardson|first=Paul|work=The Times|location=London|access-date=6 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604174210/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/article2277058.ece |archive-date=4 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| image2            = Cochinillo asado-Madrid.jpg
| width2            = 192
| caption2          = [[Cochinillo asado]]
| image3            = Jabugo plato con jamón de Jabugo.JPG
| width3            = 170
| caption3          = [[Jamón ibérico]] is one of the most expensive hams.{{wbr}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/jan/18/worlds-most-expesive-ham-jamon|title=World's most expensive ham?|last=Smillie|first=Susan|date=18 January 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=31 October 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031011437/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2010/jan/18/worlds-most-expesive-ham-jamon|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/07/inenglish/1457342056_191303.html|title=The world's most expensive ham is from Huelva and costs €4,100 a leg|last=Limón|first=Raúl|date=7 March 2016|work=El País|access-date=31 October 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127235546/https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/07/inenglish/1457342056_191303.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image4            = Mar de Empanadas (Madrid).JPG
| width4            = 192
| caption4          = [[Empanadas]], part of entire [[Latin American cuisine]] due Spanish colonization
| image5            = Wikicheese - Tortita - 20160520 - 014.jpg
| width5            = 192
| caption5          = [[Torta del Casar]], a [[sheep milk cheese]] from Spain
}}

=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Spain}}
[[File:2023FWWC Final (celebration) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Spain women's national football team|Spain]] or ''La Roja'' celebrating their [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]] victory]]

While varieties of [[Football in Spain|football]] have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. [[Real Madrid CF]] and [[FC Barcelona]] are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. [[Spain men's national football team|The country's national men's football team]] won the [[UEFA European Championship]] in 1964, 2008, 2012 and 2024 and the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], and is the first team ever to win three back-to-back major international tournaments.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} [[Spain women's national football team|Spain's women's national team]] were champions of the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023 FIFA World Cup]], becoming one of only five nations to win a [[FIFA Women's World Cup|Women's World Cup]]. [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona Femení]] has won a record 20 domestic trophies.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

[[Basketball in Spain|Basketball]], [[Tennis in Spain|tennis]], cycling, [[team handball|handball]], [[Spain national futsal team|futsal]], [[motorcycling]] and, lately, [[Formula One]] also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] and [[1992 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] that were hosted in [[Barcelona]], which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for [[water sports]], [[golf]] and [[skiing]]. In their respective regions, the traditional games of [[Basque pelota]] and [[Valencian pilota]] both are popular.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Public holidays and festivals ===
[[File:Carnaval de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Carnival Queen 2012.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|The Queen of the [[Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] ([[Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain|Fiesta of International Tourist Interest]])]]
{{Main|National Day of Spain|Public holidays in Spain|Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain|Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain}}

Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious ([[Roman Catholic]]), national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm|title=Bank holidays in Spain|publisher=bank-holidays.com|access-date=13 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918001803/http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm|archive-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> [[National Day of Spain|Spain's National Day]] (''Fiesta Nacional de España'') is celebrated on 12 October.<ref>Nogués y Secall (1862), [https://archive.org/stream/historiacritica00secagoog#page/n92/mode/2up 68].</ref><ref>Paloma Aguilar, Carsten Humlebæk, "Collective Memory and National Identity in the Spanish Democracy: The Legacies of Francoism and the Civil War", History & Memory, 1 April 2002, pag. 121–164</ref>

There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is [[Festival of San Fermín|San Fermín]], in [[Pamplona]]. While its most famous event is the ''encierro'', or the [[running of the bulls]]. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 people attending every year.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Other festivals include [[La Tomatina]] tomato festival in [[Buñol]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], the carnivals in the [[Canary Islands]], the [[Falles]] in [[Valencia]] or the [[Holy Week in Spain|Holy Week]] in Andalusia and [[Castile and León]].