Editing Shanghai (section)

==Environment==
=== Parks and resorts ===
Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was {{convert|9|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Shanghai Overview 2019">{{cite web |year=2023 |title= |script-title=zh:上海市绿化和市容管理局关于报送《上海市 生态空间建设和市容环境优化“十四五” 规划》中期评估报告的函 |trans-title=Letter from Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau on the Mid-term Evaluation Report of the “14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Space Construction and Amenity Optimization in Shanghai” |url=https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/cmsres/d1/d1597f1c33b24a3d82e4198e5afb3a1c/ce4274ae0477e9ab050eaeac12ec9fed.pdf |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau |page=1 |language=zh}}</ref> Some of the parks also have become popular tourist attractions due to their unique location, history, or architecture.
[[File:Shanghai - People's Park - 0005.jpg|left|thumb|[[People's Park (Shanghai)|People's Park]]]]
The [[People's Square]] park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is especially well known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/taste/2009176255/|title=Stroll into history along a street full of delights|date=17 September 2020|first=Jing|last=Zhu|access-date=15 November 2020|work=[[Shanghai Daily]]}}</ref>

[[Zhongshan Park (Shanghai)|Zhongshan Park]], in western central Shanghai, is famous for its monument of [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/arts/06iht-chopin.html|title=A Polish 'Nationalist' Whose Music Also Resonates Across China|last=Melvin|first=Sheila|date=5 July 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of [[St. John's University, Shanghai|St. John's University]], Shanghai's first international college; today, the park features [[Cherry blossom|sakura]] and [[peony]] gardens and a 150-year-old [[platanus]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html|script-title=zh:中山公园|trans-title=Zhongshan Park|date=20 August 2019|website=Shanghai Changning Government|language=zh|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015300/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it also serves as an interchange hub in the metro system.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_3991_529275.html |script-title=zh:从外商私家花园到24小时向市民开放，这座公园见证上海百年变迁 |date=27 August 2019 |website=Shanghai Changning Government |language=zh |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015301/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_3991_529275.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of Shanghai's newer parks is the [[Xujiahui Park]], which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has an artificial lake with a sky bridge running across the park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_138092683.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930181757/http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_138092683.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2019 |script-title=zh:徐家汇公园新添一群黑天鹅宝宝！-新华网|date=27 May 2019|work=[[Xinhua News]]|language=zh-cn |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> [[Shanghai Botanical Garden]] is located {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—[[Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden]]—opened in Songjiang District.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:2011-01-23:亚洲最大温室建成九千种植物齐聚 辰山植物园全面开放|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html|access-date=28 August 2019|agency=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040518/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Shanghai_disneyland_castle.jpg|thumb|right|Enchanted Storybook Castle of [[Shanghai Disneyland]]]]
Other notable parks in Shanghai include [[Lu Xun Park]], [[Century Park (Shanghai)|Century Park]], [[Gucun Park]], [[Gongqing Forest Park]], and [[Jing'an Park]].

The [[Shanghai Disney Resort]] Project was approved by the government on 4 November 2009<ref name="another major milestone">
{{cite web
|url = http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2009/2009_1103_shanghai.html
|title = The Walt Disney Company Reaches Another Major Milestone on Shanghai Theme Park Project
|publisher = [[Walt Disney Company]]
|date = 3 November 2009
|access-date = 28 January 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127064421/http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2009/2009_1103_shanghai.html
|archive-date = 27 November 2010
|url-status=live
}}
</ref> and opened in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title = Disneyland Shanghai to open 2016 |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |access-date = 16 December 2011 |newspaper = The Independent |date = 8 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141119155711/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |archive-date = 19 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The $4.4&nbsp;billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Barboza |first2=Brooks |last2=Barnes |title=Disney to Open Park in Shanghai |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701090014/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 11 million people visited the resort in its first year of operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/shanghai-disney-resort-hosts-spectacular-first-anniversary-celebration/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Hosts a Spectacular First Anniversary Celebration|date=16 June 2017|publisher=The Walt Disney Company|language=en-US|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref>

===Air pollution===
{{See also|Pollution in China#Air pollution}}
[[File:Shanghai haze in Huangpu Distract 20131206.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]] during the 2013 Eastern China smog]]

[[Air pollution]] in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |title=Shanghai Warns Children to Stay Indoors on Haze, PM2.5 Surge |date=25 December 2013 |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233031/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the December [[2013 Eastern China smog]], air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|title=Flights delayed as air pollution hits record in Shanghai|website=[[Reuters]]|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=6 December 2013|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034759/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liu Chen-yao">{{cite web |url = http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |script-title = zh:中国出现入冬以来最大范围雾霾 局地严重污染 |trans-title = Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013; surrounding areas severely polluted |publisher = China news agency |author = Liu Chenyao |language = zh-hans |access-date = 3 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001427/http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |archive-date = 12 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 December 2013, levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> [[Particulates|particulate matter]] in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref name="Liu Chen-yao" /> Levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |script-title=zh:上海今日PM<sub>2.5</sub>均值超600 高楼在雾霾中若隐若现 |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212111750/http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |script-title=zh:新闻晨报：释疑——重度污染为何不发霾红色预警 |script-work=zh:上视新闻频道-上海早晨栏目 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210232250/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |title=Shanghai grinds to a halt as smog nears top of air pollution scale |work=South China Morning Post |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324174056/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 January 2014, [[Yang Xiong (politician)|Yang Xiong]], the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|mayor of Shanghai]], announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement">{{cite web |url=http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |script-title=zh:上海将采取三大措施治理空气污染 |trans-title=Three main measures will be taken against Shanghai's air pollution |website=cnstock.com |language=zh-hans |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817112414/http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement" /> On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a {{CNY|10 billion}} ({{US$|1.7 billion}}) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.<ref>[[Jane Qiu|Qiu, Jane]]. ''Fight against smog ramps up'' ([http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 Nature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508205301/http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 |date=8 May 2014}}, 18 February 2014).</ref> The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual [[smoke]], [[nitrogen oxide]], and [[sulfur dioxide]] emission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|script-title=zh:2013年大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data 2013|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=15 October 2014|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065049/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|script-title=zh:2018年上海市大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data of Shanghai 2018|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=21 November 2019|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065028/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

===Environmental protection===
[[File:A residual waste truck and a household food waste truck on Zhonghua Road, Shanghai.jpg|thumb|right|A residual waste truck and a kitchen waste truck on Zhonghua Road]]

Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/nov/26/shanghai-suzhou-creek-clean-up-redevelopment|title=Shanghai's Suzhou Creek cleans up its act|first=Taras|last=Grescoe|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/df/sh/201203/t20120328_217472.html|script-title=zh:沉睡百年的苏州河黑臭底泥首次大规模疏浚完工|trans-title=The first large-scale dredging of the Suzhou River's black, odorous sediment, which has been dormant for a hundred years, has been completed|first=Tianjun|last=Ouyang|work=China Water|date=28 March 2012|access-date=15 November 2020|language=zh}}</ref> Additionally, the government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces,<ref name="airpollution">
{{cite web
|title=Environmental Protection in China's Wealthiest City
|url=http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165307/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm
|archive-date=30 October 2007
|publisher=The American Embassy in China
|date=July 2001
|access-date=11 May 2008}}</ref> and provided incentives for transportation companies to invest in [[liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] buses and taxis.

On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts out waste into residual waste, kitchen waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.<ref name="garbageclassification">{{cite web
|title=Shanghai Businesses to Comply with New Waste Management Norms from July 1
|url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/
|archive-date=30 June 2019
|publisher=China-briefing
|date=25 June 2019
|access-date=2 February 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630050942/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to [[incineration]] plants, [[landfill]]s, [[recycling]] centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:垃圾分类新风｜上海分类后的垃圾到底去哪儿了？ |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2432317 |work=[[:zh:澎湃新闻|The Paper]] |date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>