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== References == {{notelist}} === Citations === {{Reflist|30em}} === Bibliography === {{refbegin}} * Akiner (28 October 2013). ''Cultural Change & Continuity in Central Asia''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-1-136-15034-0}}. * [[Bailey, H. W.]] 1958. "Languages of the Saka." ''Handbuch der Orientalistik'', I. Abt., 4. Bd., I. Absch., Leiden-Köln. 1958. * Bailey, H. W. (1979). ''Dictionary of Khotan Saka''. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-521-14250-2}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-first=Ehsan| editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater |last=Bailey |first=H. W. |author-link=Harold Walter Bailey |date=1983 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=3 |chapter=Khotanese Saka Literature |issue=2 |location=[[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=1230–1243 |isbn=978-0-521-24693-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Batty |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Batty |date=2007 |title=Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-198-14936-1 }} * {{cite book |last=Baumer |first=Christoph |date=2012 |title=The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-1-78076-060-5 |author-link=Christoph Baumer }} * Beckwith, Christopher. (1987). ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-05494-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |date=2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith }} * Bernard, P. (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia". In Harmatta, János. ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 96–126. {{ISBN|92-3-102846-4}}. * {{cite book |last=Cernenko |first=E. V. |author-link=Yevhen Chernenko |year=2012 |title=The Scythians 700–300 BC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByzDCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-78096-773-8 }} * Chang, Chun-shu. (2007). ''The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, {{ISBN|978-0-472-11534-1}}. *{{cite book |editor-last=Gershevitch |editor-first=Ilya |editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch |last=Cook |first=J. M. |author-link=John Manuel Cook |date=1985 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=2 |chapter=The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire |url= |location=[[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=200–291 |isbn=978-0-521-20091-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Dandamayev |first=M. A. |author-link=Muhammad Dandamayev |chapter=Media and Achaemenid Iran |editor1-last=Harmatta |editor1-first=János |editor1-link=János Harmatta |year=1994 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=35–59 |isbn=9231028464 |access-date=29 May 2015 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Damgaard |first1=P. B. |last2=Marchi |first2=N. |display-authors=1 |date=9 May 2018 |title=137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2 |access-date=11 April 2020 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |publisher=[[Nature Research]] |volume=557 |issue=7705 |pages=369–373 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 |pmid=29743675 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..369D |hdl=1887/3202709 |s2cid=13670282 |ref={{harvid|Damgaard et al.|2018}}|hdl-access=free }} * {{cite book |last1=David |first1=Bruno |last2=McNiven |first2=Ian J. |year=2018 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlByDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-060735-7 }} * [[Jeannine Davis-Kimball|Davis-Kimball, Jeannine]]. 2002. ''Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines''. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003. {{ISBN|0-446-67983-6}} (pbk). * {{cite book |last=Day |first=John V. |title=Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiQSAQAAIAAJ |date=2001 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Man |isbn=0-941694-75-5 |access-date=2 March 2015 }} * {{cite book |last=Di Cosmo |first=Nicola |chapter=The Northern Frontier in Pre–Imperial China |year=1999 |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China |pages=885–966 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.015|isbn=9781139053709 }} * {{cite book | surname = Di Cosmo | given = Nicola | author-link = Nicola Di Cosmo | title = Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-521-77064-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Di Cosmo |first=Nicola |date=2004 |title=Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo7TmTbE-t0C |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-54382-7 |author-link=Nicola Di Cosmo }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Gershevitch |editor-first=Ilya |editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch |last=Diakonoff |first=I. M. |author-link=Igor M. Diakonoff |date=1985 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |chapter=Media |volume=2 |url= |location=[[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=36–148 |isbn=978-0-521-20091-2 }} * ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute: The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia''. Studies From the Former Soviet Union. New Series. Edited by B. A. Litvinskii and Carol Altman Bromberg. Translation directed by Mary Fleming Zirin. Vol. 8, (1994), pp. 37–46. * Emmerick, R. E. (2003) "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in Ehsan Yarshater (ed), ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods, Part 1'' (reprint edition) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 265–266. * {{cite book |editor-last1=Boardman |editor-first1=John |editor-link1=John Boardman (art historian) |editor-last2=Hammond |editor-first2=N. G. L. |editor-link2=N. G. L. Hammond |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=D. M. |editor-link3=David Malcolm Lewis |editor-last4=Ostwald |editor-first4=M. |editor-link4=Martin Ostwald |last=Francfort |first=Henri-Paul |author-link=Henri-Paul Francfort |date=1988 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=4 |chapter=Central Asia and Eastern Iran |location=[[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=165–193 |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6 }} * Fraser, Antonia. (1989) ''The Warrior Queens'' Knopf. * {{cite book |editor-last1=Dani |editor-first1=Ahmad Hasan |editor-link1=Ahmad Hasan Dani |editor-last2=Harmatta |editor-first2=János |editor-link2=János Harmatta | editor-last3=Puri |editor-first3=Baij Nath |editor-link3=Baij Nath Puri |editor-last4=Etemadi |editor-first4=G. F. |editor-last5=Bosworth |editor-first5=Clifford Edmund |editor-link5=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |last=Harmatta |first=János |date=1994 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |chapter=Conclusion |url= |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=24–34 |isbn=978-9-231-02846-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Harmatta |first=János |author-link=János Harmatta |editor-last1=Hermann |editor-first1=Joachim |editor-last2=de Laet |editor-first2=Sigfried |date=1996 |title=History of Humanity |volume=3 |chapter=10.4.1. The Scythians |url= |location= |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |isbn=978-9-231-02812-0 }} * {{cite journal |last=Harmatta |first=János |date=1999 |title=Alexander the Great in Central Asia |url=https://akjournals.com/view/journals/068/39/1-4/article-p129.xml |journal=Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=39 |issue= 1–4|pages=129–136 |doi=10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11 |s2cid=162246561 |access-date=4 July 2022 }} * Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE''. John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4392-2134-1}}. * Hill, John E. 2004. ''[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html The Peoples of the West from the Weilue]'' 魏略 ''by Yu Huan'' 魚豢'': A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' Draft annotated English translation. * {{cite journal |last=Järve |first=Mari |date=22 July 2019 |title=Shifts in the genetic landscape of the western Eurasian steppe associated with the beginning and end of the Scythian dominance |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=29 |issue=14 |pages=2430–2441 |pmid=31303491 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019CBio...29E2430J }} * {{cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Choongwon |last2=Wang |first2=Ke |last3=Wilkin |first3=Shevan |last4=Taylor |first4=William Timothy Treal |last5=Miller |first5=Bryan K. |last6=Bemmann |first6=Jan H. |last7=Stahl |first7=Raphaela |last8=Chiovelli |first8=Chelsea |last9=Knolle |first9=Florian |last10=Ulziibayar |first10=Sodnom |last11=Khatanbaatar |first11=Dorjpurev |last12=Erdenebaatar |first12=Diimaajav |last13=Erdenebat |first13=Ulambayar |last14=Ochir |first14=Ayudai |last15=Ankhsanaa |first15=Ganbold |last16=Vanchigdash |first16=Chuluunkhuu |last17=Ochir |first17=Battuga |last18=Munkhbayar |first18=Chuluunbat |last19=Tumen |first19=Dashzeveg |last20=Kovalev |first20=Alexey |last21=Kradin |first21=Nikolay |last22=Bazarov |first22=Bilikto A. |last23=Miyagashev |first23=Denis A. |last24=Konovalov |first24=Prokopiy B. |last25=Zhambaltarova |first25=Elena |last26=Miller |first26=Alicia Ventresca |last27=Haak |first27=Wolfgang |last28=Schiffels |first28=Stephan |last29=Krause |first29=Johannes |last30=Boivin |first30=Nicole |last31=Erdene |first31=Myagmar |last32=Hendy |first32=Jessica |last33=Warinner |first33=Christina |title=A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe |journal=Cell |date=November 2020 |volume=183 |issue=4 |pages=890–904 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 |pmid=33157037 |pmc=7664836 |s2cid=214725595 |url=|issn=0092-8674|hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D |hdl-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Krzewińska |first=Maja |date=3 October 2018 |title=Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume= 4|issue= 10 |page= eaat4457 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aat4457 |pmid=30417088 |pmc=6223350 |bibcode=2018SciA....4.4457K}} * {{cite book |last=Kuzmina |first=Elena Kuzmina |date=2007 |title=The Origin of the Indo-Iranians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2-IC |publisher=[[BRILL]] |isbn=978-9004160545 |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina }} * {{cite book |last=Kuzmina |first=Elena Kuzmina |date=2008 |title=The Prehistory of the Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FzANyya1BEC |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-4041-2 |author-link=Elena Efimovna Kuzmina }} * {{cite book |last1=de Laet |first1=Sigfried J. |last2=Herrmann |first2=Joachim |date=1996 |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |isbn=923102812X }} * {{cite book |last=Lebedynsky |first=Iaroslav |author-link=Iaroslav Lebedynsky |year=2006 |title=Les Saces |language=fr |publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Errance|Editions Errance]] |isbn=2877723372 }} * {{cite book |last=Lebedynsky |first=Iaroslav |author-link=Iaroslav Lebedynsky |year=2007 |title=Les Nomades |language=fr |publisher=[[:fr:Éditions Errance|Editions Errance]] |isbn=978-2877722544 }} * Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in ''The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222''. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-24327-8}}. * {{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J.P.|last2=Mair|first2=Victor H.|title=The Tarim mummies : ancient China and the mystery of the earliest peoples from the West|date=2008|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|isbn=978-0-500-28372-1|edition=1st pbk.}} * {{cite book |last=Melyukova |first=A. I. |author-link=Anna Melyukova |editor-last=Sinor |editor-first=Denis |editor-link=Denis Sinor|date=1990 |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6 |chapter=The Scythians and Sarmatians |location=[[Cambridge]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=97–117 |isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 }} * Millward, James A. (2007). ''Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang'' (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0231139241}}. * {{cite book |last=Olbrycht |first=Marek Jan |author-link= |date=2021 |title=Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]]; [[Boston]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-004-46076-8 }} * {{cite book |last=Olbrycht |first=Marek Jan |date=2000 |title=Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia |chapter=Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/11934986 |location=[[Kraków]] |publisher=[[:pl:Księgarnia Akademicka|Księgarnia Akademicka]] |pages=101–104 |isbn=978-8-371-88337-8 }} * [[Pulleyblank, Edwin G.]] 1970. "The Wu-sun and Sakas and the Yüeh-chih Migration." ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 33'' (1970), pp. 154–160. * Puri, B. N. 1994. "The Sakas and Indo-Parthians." In: ''History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250''. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 191–207. * {{cite web |last=Schmitt |first=Rüdiger |author-link=Rüdiger Schmitt |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/massagetae |title=MASSAGETAE |date=2018 |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |publisher= }} * Sulimirski, Tadeusz (1970). ''The Sarmatians. Volume 73 of Ancient peoples and places''. New York: Praeger. pp. 113–114. "The evidence of both the ancient authors and the archaeological remains point to a massive migration of Sacian (Sakas)/Massagetan tribes from the Syr Daria Delta (Central Asia) by the middle of the second century B.C. Some of the Syr Darian tribes; they also invaded North India." * {{cite book |last=Sulimirski |first=T. |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |year=1985 |chapter=The Scyths |editor-last=Gershevitch |editor-first=I. |editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch |title=The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian Periods |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/DB61ED84C8CA739F99CA2CA67A3E2F62 |volume=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=149–199 |isbn=978-1-139-05493-5 }} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Edwards |editor2-first=I. E. S. |editor2-link=I. E. S. Edwards |editor3-last=Hammond |editor3-first=N. G. L. |editor3-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4-last=Sollberger |editor4-first=E. |editor4-link=Edmond Sollberger |editor5-last=Walker |editor5-first=C. B. F. |last1=Sulimirski |first1=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |last2=Taylor |first2=T. 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