Editing Racism (section)

==Anti-racism==
{{Main|Anti-racism}}

[[File:ME EMME VAIKENE 023 Rasismia ja fasismia vastaan (53163900837).jpg|thumb|Demonstration against racism in [[Helsinki]], Finland 2023]]
Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, scholarship, [[Political movement|movements]], and [[Public policy|policies]] which are adopted or developed in order to oppose racism. In general, it promotes an egalitarian society in which people are not discriminated against on the basis of race. Examples of anti-racist movements include the [[civil rights movement]], the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]] and [[Black Lives Matter]]. [[Socialist]] groups have also been closely aligned with a number of anti-racist organizations such as [[Anti-Nazi League]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Høgsbjerg |first1=Christian |title=Trotskyology: A review of John Kelly, Contemporary Trotskyism: Parties, Sects and Social Movements in Britain |journal=International Socialism |date=18 October 2018 |issue=160 |url=https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525203955/https://isj.org.uk/trotskyology/ |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> and [[Unite Against Fascism]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Platt |first1=Edward |title=Comrades at war: the decline and fall of the Socialist Workers Party |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2014/05/comrades-war-decline-and-fall-socialist-workers-party |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |date=20 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630024250/https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2014/05/comrades-war-decline-and-fall-socialist-workers-party |archive-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> [[Nonviolent resistance]] is sometimes embraced as an element of anti-racist movements, although this was not always the case. [[Hate crime]] laws, [[affirmative action]], and bans on racist speech are also examples of government policy which is intended to suppress racism.

===Reverse racism===
[[Reverse racism]] is a concept often used to describe acts of discrimination or hostility against members of a dominant racial or ethnic group while favoring members of minority groups.<ref name="Cashmore">{{cite book |editor-last=Cashmore |editor-first=Ellis |editor-link=Ellis Cashmore |title=Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies |date=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-44706-0 |page=373 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2L-5lBDPJJMC&q=%22reverse+racism%22&pg=PA373 |chapter=Reverse Racism/Discrimination}}</ref><ref name="Yee">{{cite book |last=Yee |first=June Ying |editor-last=Shaefer |editor-first=Richard T. |title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society |date=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2 |pages=1118–1119 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=%22reverse+racism%22&pg=PT1244 |chapter=Racism, Types of}}</ref> This concept has been used especially in the United States in debates over [[color-conscious]] policies (such as [[affirmative action]]) intended to remedy racial inequalities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ansell |first=Amy Elizabeth |title=Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_y3Q6fzgQAC&q=%22reverse%20racism%22 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-33794-6 |chapter=Affirmative Action; Color-Consciousness |pages=4, 46}}</ref> However, many experts and other commenters view reverse racism as a myth rather than a reality.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wida |first=Erica Chayes |date=26 June 2020 |title=What does 'reverse racism' mean and is it actually real? Experts weigh in |work=Today |url=https://www.today.com/tmrw/what-reverse-racism-experts-weigh-term-t184580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308234353/https://www.today.com/tmrw/what-reverse-racism-experts-weigh-term-t184580 |archive-date=8 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newkirk II |first=Vann R. |author-link=Vann R. Newkirk II |date=5 August 2017 |title=The Myth of Reverse Racism |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004050613/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/08/myth-of-reverse-racism/535689/ |archive-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Massie |first=Victoria M. |title=Americans are split on "reverse racism." That still doesn't mean it exists. |page=29 June 2016 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305015907/https://www.vox.com/2016/6/29/12045772/reverse-racism-affirmative-action |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Emily |last1=Torbett |date=21 August 2015 |title=Reverse racism: Can't exist by definition, insulting to minority groups |work=The Daily Athenaeum |url=http://www.thedaonline.com/opinion/article_25e8b7cc-47bc-11e5-bb94-7f79b1590106.html |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407091425/https://www.thedaonline.com/opinion/article_25e8b7cc-47bc-11e5-bb94-7f79b1590106.html |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> From the [[substantive equality]] perspective, while members of ethnic minorities may be prejudiced against members of the dominant culture, they lack the political and economic power to actively oppress them, and they are therefore not practicing the "[[Prejudice plus power]]" definition of racism.{{r|Dennis|Cashmore}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Ansell |first=Amy Elizabeth |title=Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_y3Q6fzgQAC&q=%22reverse%20racism%22 |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-33794-6 |chapter=Reverse Racism |pages=135–138}}</ref> [[Martha Minow]] refers to the differences between [[Equal opportunity#Formal equality of opportunity|formal equality of opportunity]] and [[substantive equality]] as the Dilemma of difference.<ref name="j013">{{cite journal | last=Minow | first=Martha | title=Learning to Live with the Dilemma of Difference: Bilingual and Special Education | journal=Law and Contemporary Problems | publisher=Duke University School of Law | volume=48 | issue=2 | year=1985 | issn=0023-9186 | jstor=1191571 | pages=157–211| doi=10.2307/1191571 }}</ref> According to [[Richard Arneson]] affirmative action violates formal equality of opportunity.<ref name="c358">{{cite encyclopedia | last=Arneson | first=Richard | title=Equality of Opportunity §2.4 Affirmative Action |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=8 October 2002 | url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/equal-opportunity/#AffAct}}</ref>