Editing One-child policy (section)

===Human rights violations===
{{Further |Human rights in China}}
The one-child policy had been challenged for violating a [[human right]] to determine the size of one's own proper family. According to a 1968 proclamation of the International Conference on Human Rights, "Parents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children."<ref name="FREEDMAN">{{Cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Lynn P. |last2=Isaacs |first2=Stephen L. |date=Jan–Feb 1993 |title=Human Rights and Reproductive Choice |url=http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/diana/fulltext/free3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=18–30 |doi=10.2307/2939211 |jstor=2939211 |pmid=8475521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194753/http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/diana/fulltext/free3.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=8 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="teheran_proc">{{Cite web |date=1968 |title=Proclamation of Teheran |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/b_tehern.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017025912/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/b_tehern.htm |archive-date=17 October 2007 |access-date=8 November 2007 |publisher=International Conference on Human Rights}}</ref>

According to the UK newspaper ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', a quota of 20,000 abortions and sterilizations was set for [[Huaiji County]], [[Guangdong]] in one year due to reported disregard of the one-child policy. According to the article local officials were being pressured into purchasing portable ultrasound devices to identify abortion candidates in remote villages. The article also reported that women as far along as 8.5 months pregnant were forced to abort, usually by an [[Instillation abortion|injection of saline solution]].<ref name="abort">{{Cite news |last=McElroy |first=Damien |date=8 April 2001 |title=Chinese region 'must conduct 20,000 abortions' |work=[[The Telegraph (UK)|The Telegraph]] |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1336466/Chinese-region-must-conduct-20000-abortions.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724062555/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1336466/Chinese-region-must-conduct-20000-abortions.html |archive-date=24 July 2018}}</ref> A 1993 book by social scientist and anti-abortion political activist [[Steven W. Mosher]] reported that women in their ninth month of pregnancy, or already in labour, were having their children killed whilst in the birth canal or immediately after birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosher |first=Steven W. |title=A Mother's Ordeal |title-link=A Mother's Ordeal |date=July 1993 |publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]] |isbn=978-0-15-162662-5}}</ref>

According to a 2005 news report by [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] correspondent John Taylor, China outlawed the use of physical force to make a woman submit to an abortion or sterilization in 2002 but ineffectively enforced the measure.<ref name="Taylor">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=John |date=8 February 2005 |title=China&nbsp;– One Child Policy |url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2005/s1432717.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612191059/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2005/s1432717.htm |archive-date=12 June 2008 |access-date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> In 2012, [[Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei|Feng Jianmei]], a villager from Shaanxi province, was forced into an abortion by local officials after her family refused to pay the fine for having a second child. Chinese authorities later apologized and two officials were fired, while five others were sanctioned.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite news |date=6 July 2012 |title=Father in forced abortion case wants charges filed |work=The San Diego Union-Tribune |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-father-in-forced-abortion-case-wants-charges-filed-2012jul06-story.html}}</ref>

In the past, China promoted [[eugenics]] as part of its population-planning policies, but the government backed away from such policies, as evidenced by China's ratification of the [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]], which compels the nation to significantly reform its genetic testing laws.<ref>{{subscription required}} {{Cite journal |title=Implications of China's Ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=http://scratch.mit.edu |url-status=live |journal=China: An International Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015140001/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fchina%2Fv008%2F8.1.petersen.html |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> Recent{{when|date=October 2013}} research has also emphasized the necessity of understanding a myriad of complex social relations that affect the meaning of [[informed consent]] in China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sleeboom-Faulkner |first=Margaret Elizabeth |date=1 June 2011 |title=Genetic testing, governance, and the family in the People's Republic of China |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=72 |issue=11 |pages=1802–9 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.052 |pmid=20627498}}</ref> Furthermore, in 2003, China revised its marriage registration regulations and couples no longer have to submit to a premarital physical or genetic examination before being granted a marriage license.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China |work=Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4b6fe19d6.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209204518/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4b6fe19d6.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Population Fund]]'s (UNFPA) support for family planning in China, which had been associated in the United States with the one-child policy, led the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] to pull out of the UNFPA during the Reagan administration,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Stephen |date=9 May 1999 |title=Don't Fund UNFPA Population Control |url=http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5457 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021012806/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5457 |archive-date=21 October 2007 |access-date=27 October 2007 |website=[[CATO Institute]]}}</ref> and again under [[George W. Bush]]'s presidency, citing human rights abuses<ref>{{Cite news |last=McElroy |first=Damien |date=3 February 2002 |title=China is furious as Bush halts UN 'abortion' funds |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1383627/China-is-furious-as-Bush-halts-UN-abortion-funds.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151703/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1383627/China-is-furious-as-Bush-halts-UN-abortion-funds.html |archive-date=28 October 2018}}</ref> and stating that the right to "found a family" was protected under the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights#Preamble|Preamble]] in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siv |first=Sichan |date=21 January 2003 |title=United Nations Fund for Population Activities in China |publisher=U.S. Department of State |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/io/rls/rm/2003/16790.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117080604/https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/io/rls/rm/2003/16790.htm |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> [[Barack Obama]] resumed U.S. government financial support for the UNFPA shortly after taking office in 2009, intending to "work collaboratively to reduce poverty, improve the health of women and children, prevent [[HIV/AIDS]] and provide [[family planning]] assistance to women in 154 countries".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2009 |title=UNFPA Welcomes Restoration of U.S. Funding |url=http://www.unfpa.org/public/News/pid/1562 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709160012/http://www.unfpa.org/public/News/pid/1562 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=UNFPA News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizvi |first=Haider |date=12 March 2009 |title=Obama Sets New Course at the U.N. |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/03/politics-obama-sets-new-course-at-the-un/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211013/http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/03/politics-obama-sets-new-course-at-the-un/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013 |website=IPS News |publisher=Inter Press Agency}}</ref>