Editing Oakland, California (section)

==Infrastructure==

===Transportation===

====Air and rail====
[[File:Oakland-International-Airport-Aerial-2.jpg|thumb|[[Oakland International Airport]]]]

Oakland residents have access to the three major airports of the San Francisco Bay Area: [[Oakland International Airport]], [[San Francisco International Airport]], and [[San Jose International Airport]]. Oakland International Airport, within Oakland's city limits, is {{convert|4|mi|abbr=on}} south of downtown Oakland and serves domestic and international destinations. [[AC Transit]] provides 24-hour service to the airport, and [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART's]] [[Oakland Airport Connector]] [[automated guideway transit]] line provides frequent service between the airport and [[Oakland Coliseum station]].

The city has regional and long-distance passenger train service provided by [[Amtrak]], with stations near [[Jack London Square]] and the [[RingCentral Coliseum]]. Amtrak's ''[[California Zephyr]]'' has its western terminus at the nearby [[Emeryville (Amtrak station)|Emeryville station]].

Historically, the city was served by several train companies, which terminated in different terminals. [[Santa Fe Railroad|Santa Fe]] trains terminated at its Oakland depot, actually located within the city limits of Emeryville at 40th and San Pablo. [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] trains ended at the [[16th Street station (Oakland)|16th Street Station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://localwiki.org/oakland/Railroads|title=Railroads|work=localwiki.org}}</ref> [[Western Pacific Railroad|Western Pacific]] trains ended at the 3rd and Washington station. However, a common feature was that the different railroads continued one more stop to a station at [[Oakland Pier]].<ref>"The California Zephyr" from "Streamliner Schedules", original reference from the 1950 Official Guide of railroads"</ref> From this latter point passengers would ride ferries to San Francisco.

====Mass transit and bicycling====
[[File:Lake Merritt station.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lake Merritt Station|Lake Merritt BART station]]]]
[[File:14th and Broadway NE exit from 12th Street station, January 2020.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[12th Street Oakland City Center station|12th St. BART]] subway entrance leading to 14th St.]]

Data compiled in 2007 by the [[United States Census Bureau]] before gasoline price spikes in 2008, showed that 24.3% of Oaklanders used public transportation, walked or used "other means" to commute to work, not including [[remote work]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Oakland city, California – Selected '''Economic''' Characteristics: 2005–2007 |work=American Community Survey – 3-Year Estimates (data set) |publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]] |year=2007 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |access-date=October 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211182417/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR3&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with 17% of Oakland households being "car free" and/or statistically categorized as having "no vehicles available."<ref>{{cite web |title=Oakland city, California – Selected '''Housing''' Characteristics: 2005–2007 |work=American Community Survey – 3-Year Estimates (data set) |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |year=2007 |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR4&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |access-date=October 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211183053/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0653000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR4&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bus transit service in Oakland and the inner [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] is provided by the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District, [[AC Transit]]. The district originated in 1958 after the conspiratorial [[General Motors Streetcar Conspiracy|dissolution]] of the [[Key System]] of streetcars. Many AC Transit lines follow old routes of the Key System.<ref name="journalism.berkeley.edu" />
[[File:Westbound BRT platform at City Center under construction, April 2020.jpg|thumb|Construction of AC Transit's Westbound 12th St station]]
Intercity bus companies that serve Oakland include [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]], [[BoltBus]], [[Chinatown bus lines|USAsia]], and [[Chinatown bus lines|Hoang Transportation]]. Megabus no longer serves Oakland.<ref>{{cite web| title = AIBRA – Find a Station| access-date = May 2, 2015| url = http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm| archive-date = April 26, 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426091154/http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The metropolitan area is served by [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] (BART) from eight stations in Oakland, served by all BART lines.The system has headquarters in Oakland, with major transfer hubs at [[MacArthur (BART station)|MacArthur]] and [[19th Street / Oakland (BART station)|19th Street]] stations. BART's headquarters was in a building above the [[Lake Merritt (BART station)|Lake Merritt BART station]] until 2006, when it relocated to the Kaiser Center due to seismic safety concerns.

The [[Alameda / Oakland Ferry]] operates ferry service from [[Jack London Square]] to [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[Oracle Park]], [[Pier 41]], the [[San Francisco Ferry Building]], and the [[South San Francisco Ferry Terminal]].
Oakland licenses taxi cabs, and has zoned cab stands in its downtown, including a bicycle pedi-cab service.

The Oakland City Council adopted a Bicycle Master Plan in 1999 as a part of the Land Use and Transportation (LUTE) element of Oakland's 1998 General Plan. The creation of the plan was to promote alternatives to the private automobile.<ref name="bicycle_master_plan_p15"/> The Oakland City Council reaffirmed the bike plan in 2005, revised it in 2007, and reaffirmed it in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/EC/s/BicycleandPedestrianProgram/OAK024597 |title=Let's Bike Oakland! (Bike Plan Update, 2017–18) |access-date=February 12, 2018 |quote=The 1999 plan was revised in December 2007 [...] and then reaffirmed in 2012. |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022212/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/PWA/o/EC/s/BicycleandPedestrianProgram/OAK024597 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="bicycle_master_plan_p15">{{cite web |url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/pwa/documents/report/oak024981.pdf |title=City of Oakland – Bicycle Master Plan |quote=[...] creation of a Bicycle Master Plan to promote alternatives to the private automobile [...] Oakland's original plan was completed in 1999 and reaffirmed by City Council in 2005. |page=15 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |date=December 2007 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130020213/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/pwa/documents/report/oak024981.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 1999 to 2007, the city installed 900 bike racks throughout Oakland, accommodating over 2,000 bicycles.<ref>{{cite web |title=City of Oakland – Bicycle Master Plan |date=December 2007 |page=16 |url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/pwa/documents/report/oak024981.pdf |access-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130020213/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/pwa/documents/report/oak024981.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the end of 2017, over 160 bikeway miles and 9,900 bike parking spaces were constructed.<ref name="biannual_bike_oakland_winter2017">{{cite journal |journal="I (Bike) Oakland" Newsletter |url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/pwa/documents/marketingmaterial/oak068849.pdf |title=Let Us Count the Ways |edition=22 |page=8 |date=Winter 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080134/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/oakca1/groups/pwa/documents/marketingmaterial/oak068849.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- Biannual newsletter updates twice a year --> Facilities for parking thousands of bicycles have been installed downtown and in other commercial districts throughout Oakland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discoverworld.com/United-States-of-America/California/Alameda-County/Oakland:In-depth#Infrastructure|title=Oakland, California, USA – Discover World|website=www.discoverworld.com|language=en-US|access-date=December 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208070714/https://www.discoverworld.com/United-States-of-America/California/Alameda-County/Oakland:In-depth#Infrastructure|archive-date=December 8, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2011 [[American Community Survey]], Oakland came in seventh place out of the 100 largest cities in the nation by percentage of people that chose to commute by bike in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Linus Bike Commends Oakland After It Is Listed in Top 10 Commuter Bike Cities |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/11/prweb10128101.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119001523/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/11/prweb10128101.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |publisher=PRWeb |access-date=December 25, 2012 |date=November 15, 2012}}</ref>

==== Motorized scooters ====
In July 2019, the City of Oakland Department of Transportation announced that it had issued official permits for the deployment of shared e-scooters to four companies: [[Bird Global|Bird]], Clevr, Lime, and Lyft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oaklandca.gov/news/2019/oakdot-announces-permits-for-shared-e-scooters|title=OakDOT Announces Permits for Shared E-Scooters|website=City of Oakland|language=en|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Oakland requires these operators to educate users on the correct and safe use of scooters, to distribute the scooters equitably throughout the city, to ensure accessibility, and to provide insurance and indemnification.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 2, 2019|title=Oakland OKs 3,500 rental e-scooters from Bird, Lime, Lyft, Clevr|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Oakland-OKs-3-500-rental-e-scooters-from-Bird-14067377.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204063047/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Oakland-OKs-3-500-rental-e-scooters-from-Bird-14067377.php|archive-date=December 4, 2019|access-date=November 20, 2019|website=SFChronicle.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

====Bridges, freeways, and tunnels====

Oakland is served by several major highways: Eastbound Bay Bridge traffic entering Oakland then splits into three freeways at the [[MacArthur Maze]] freeway interchange: [[Interstate 580 (California)|Interstate 580]] (MacArthur Freeway) heads southeast toward [[Hayward, California|Hayward]] and eventually to the [[California Central Valley]]; [[Interstate 880 (California)|Interstate 880]] (Nimitz Freeway) runs south to [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]; and the Eastshore Freeway ([[Interstate 80 (California)|Interstate 80]]/I-580) runs north, providing connections to [[Sacramento]] and [[San Rafael, California|San Rafael]], respectively.
[[Interstate 980 (California)|Interstate 980]] (Williams Freeway) begins its eastbound journey at I-880 in Downtown Oakland before turning into [[California State Route 24|State Route 24]] (Grove Shafter Freeway) at I-580. [[California State Route 13|State Route 13]] begins as the Warren Freeway at I-580, and runs through a scenic valley in the [[Montclair, Oakland, California|Montclair District]] before entering [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]. A stub of a planned freeway was constructed at the High Street exit from the Nimitz Freeway, but that freeway extension plan was abandoned.

[[File:Cypress structure.jpeg|thumb|Portion of the collapsed [[Cypress Street Viaduct|Cypress Viaduct]] from the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake|1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake]]]]

At the time of the [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]], the [[Cypress Street Viaduct]] double-deck segment of the [[Nimitz Freeway]] collapsed, killing 42 people. The old freeway segment had passed through the middle of West Oakland, forming a barrier between West Oakland neighborhoods. Following the earthquake, this section was rerouted around the perimeter of West Oakland and rebuilt in 1997–2001. The east span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also suffered damage from the quake when a 50-foot (15-m) section of the upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck; the damaged section was repaired within a month of the earthquake. As a result of Loma Prieta, a significant seismic retrofit was performed on the western span of the Bay Bridge. The eastern span has now been replaced with a dramatic single-tower self-anchoring suspension span.

Two underwater tunnels, the [[Webster Street Tube|Webster]] and [[Posey Tube|Posey]] Tubes, connect the main island of Alameda to downtown Oakland, coming above ground in Chinatown. In addition, the [[Park Street Bridge|Park Street]], [[Fruitvale Bridge|Fruitvale]], and High Street bridges connect Alameda to East Oakland over the [[Oakland Estuary]].

In the hills, the [[Leimert Bridge]] crosses Dimond Canyon, connecting the Oakmore neighborhood to Park Boulevard. The [[Caldecott Tunnel]] carries Highway 24 through the [[Berkeley Hills]], connecting central Contra Costa County to Oakland. The Caldecott has four bores.

==== Oakland Slow Streets Program ====
[[File:Oakland Slow Streets Program.jpg|thumb|Part of the Slow Streets Program in September 2020]]
On April 11, 2020, the City of Oakland launched its Slow Streets Program.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Oakland Slow Streets' program opens 74 miles of streets for pedestrians and cyclists|url=https://www.covidmobilityworks.org/responses/oakland-slow-streets-program-opens-74-miles-of-streets-for-pedestrians-and-cyclists-45b055c329|access-date=October 28, 2021|website=COVID Mobility Works}}</ref> This was facilitated in part by the sudden decrease of vehicle traffic that resulted from the state-wide stay-at-home order and school closures in response to the spread of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in California|COVID-19 in California]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Fermoso|first=Jose|date=November 25, 2020|title=What do we know about Slow Streets and safety? Here's what data and residents have to say|work=The Oaklandside|url=https://oaklandside.org/2020/11/25/what-do-we-know-about-slow-streets-and-safety-heres-what-data-and-residents-have-to-say/|access-date=October 28, 2021}}</ref> The goal of the program was to "support safe physical activity and alleviate overcrowding in parks and on trails by discouraging through traffic."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Oakland's Slow Streets & Essential Places |url=https://www.oaklandca.gov/projects/oakland-slow-streets|access-date=October 28, 2021|website=City of Oakland}}</ref> This was accomplished by closing 74 miles of streets to through traffic.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Bliss|first=Laura|date=January 6, 2021|title='Slow Streets' Disrupted City Planning. What Comes Next?|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-06/the-swift-disruptive-rise-of-slow-streets|access-date=October 28, 2021|website=Bloomberg CityLab}}</ref>

Over the course of three months the city installed "soft closure" barriers consisting of signage, traffic cones, and barricades in over 21 miles of city streets.<ref name=":1" /> While the primary goal at the time was to encourage socially distanced outdoor physical activities like biking, walking, and jogging, the long term implementation of the Slow Streets Program contributed to the city's [[traffic calming]] measures and promoted [[alternatives to car use]] as well.<ref name=":3" />

Although the Slow Streets Program was initially praised for its rapid implementation and prioritization of pedestrian safety, the Oakland Department of Transportation quickly came under fire for its failure to collect feedback that represented the opinions of the diverse range of residents whom the program affected.<ref name=":4" /> The high engagement with online surveys by wealthy white residents initially suggested an almost universally positive reaction to the program.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sharma Rani|first=Rikha|date=October 8, 2020|title=How Covid-19 Inspired Oakland to Get Real About Equitable Urban Planning|url=https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/entry/how-covid-19-inspired-oakland-to-get-real-about-equitable-urban-planning|access-date=October 28, 2021|website=Next City}}</ref> The disproportionately low number of responses from residents of East Oakland—a largely Black and Latino and low-income area—revealed both the oversight of city officials as well as the shortcomings of urban planning systems' ability to equally benefit different social groups, which consequently perpetuates inequalities like the [[transport divide]].

After the flaws of the feedback forms were brought to light, city planners made concentrated efforts to meet with representatives from different community groups who in turn stressed that simply closing streets to through traffic was not enough to protect pedestrians from dangerous driving.<ref name=":5" /> In response the city expressed its commitment to its local residents calling for [[road traffic safety]] by rolling out Slow Streets: Essential Places, a phase of the program which installed cones and signage at dangerous traffic areas in order to make grocery stores, COVID-19 test sites, and food distribution sites easily and safely accessible.<ref name=":2" />

===Freight rail===

Freight service, which consists primarily of moving shipping containers to and from the Port of Oakland, is provided today by [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (UP), and to a lesser extent by [[BNSF Railway]] (which now shares the tracks of the UP between Richmond and Oakland).

Historically, Oakland was served by several railroads. Besides the transcontinental line of the Southern Pacific, there was also the Santa Fe (whose Oakland terminal was actually in Emeryville), the [[Western Pacific Railroad]] (who built a pier adjacent to the SP's), and the [[Sacramento Northern Railroad]] (eventually absorbed by the Western Pacific, which in turn was absorbed by UP in 1983).

===Shipping===

As one of the three major ports on the [[West Coast of the United States]], the [[Port of Oakland]] is the largest seaport on San Francisco Bay and the fifth busiest container port in the United States. It was one of the earliest seaports to switch to containerization and to [[Intermodal freight transport|intermodal container transfer]],<ref>''Initial Study: Intermodal Interface Demonstration Project, Port of Oakland, Oakland, California'', Earth Metrics and Korve Engineerning, December 20, 1989</ref> thereby displacing the [[Port of San Francisco]], which never modernized its waterfront. One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. In the 1980s, the Port of Oakland began the evaluation of development of an intermodal container transfer capability, i.e., facilities that now allow trans-loading of containers from vessels to either trucks or rail modes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.glennfrancosimmons.com/port-oakland|title=Port Of Oakland, Oakland Estuary|work=Glenn Franco Simmons|access-date=December 7, 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208071321/http://www.glennfrancosimmons.com/port-oakland|archive-date=December 8, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Utilities===
[[Public water supply]] and [[sewage treatment]] are provided by [[East Bay Municipal Utility District]] (EBMUD). [[Pacific Gas and Electric Company]] (PG & E) provides natural gas and electricity service. Municipal garbage collection is franchised to [[Waste Management, Inc]]. Telecommunications and subscriber television services are provided by multiple private corporations and other service providers in accordance with the competitive objectives of the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996#Stated objective|Telecommunications Act of 1996]].

Oakland tops the list of the 50 largest US cities using electricity from renewable sources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustainlane.us/articles/city_renewable_energy.jsp|title=What is the definition of sustainability, development and resources|work=Tech Stuffed|access-date=August 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723035943/http://www.sustainlane.us/articles/city_renewable_energy.jsp|archive-date=July 23, 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:Highland Hospital (Oakland, California) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Highland Hospital (Oakland, California)|Highland Hospital]]]]
[[File:Alta Bates Summit Medical Center.jpg|thumb|Alta Bates Summit Medical Center]]
Originating in Oakland, [[Kaiser Permanente]] is an [[Health maintenance organization|HMO]] started in 1942, during World War II, by industrialist [[Henry J. Kaiser]] to provide medical care for [[Kaiser Shipyards]] workers. It is the largest managed care organization in the United States and the largest non-governmental health care provider in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=Consumer-driven health care: implications for providers, payers, and policymakers |last=Zendle |first=Les |author2=Regina E. Herzlinger |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-7879-5258-7 |page=661 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtqchcsFYV8C&pg=PA661}}</ref> It is headquartered at One Kaiser Plaza in Downtown Oakland and maintains a large medical center in the [[Piedmont Avenue, Oakland, California|Piedmont Avenue]] neighborhood.

[[Alta Bates Summit Medical Center]], an East Bay hospital system, maintains its Summit Campus in the neighborhood known as "Pill Hill" north of downtown. Until 2000, it was the Summit Medical Center before merging with Berkeley-based Alta Bates. All campuses now operate under the [[Sutter Health]] network.

[[Alameda Health System]] is an [[Integrated delivery system|integrated]] public [[Integrated delivery system|health care system]] organized as a public hospital authority. It operates five Alameda County hospitals including Oakland's [[Highland Hospital (Oakland, California)|Highland Hospital]] and four primary care medical clinics including Oakland's Highland Wellness Center and Eastmont Wellness Center.

[[Children's Hospital Oakland]] is the primary medical center specializing in [[pediatrics]] in the East Bay. It is a designated Level I pediatric trauma center and the only independent children's hospital in Northern California.

There are also several [[community health center]]s in Oakland.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maizlish|first=Neil A.|date=July 1, 2004|title=Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients Served by Community Health Centers|journal=American Journal of Medical Quality|volume=19|issue=4|pages=172–179|doi=10.1177/106286060401900406|pmid=15368782|s2cid=11934476}}</ref> Some examples include Lifelong Medical Care, Asian Health Services, and Roots Community Health Center.