Editing Kidney stone disease (section)

== Research ==
[[Metabolic syndrome]] and its associated diseases of obesity and diabetes as general risk factors for kidney stone disease are under research  to determine if urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate and urate are higher than in people with normal weight or underweight, and if diet and physical activity have roles.<ref name="Aune">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, Riboli E | title = Body fatness, diabetes, physical activity and risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies | journal = European Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 1033–1047 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30066054 | pmc = 6208979 | doi = 10.1007/s10654-018-0426-4 }}</ref><ref name="Trinch">{{cite journal | vauthors = Trinchieri A, Croppi E, Montanari E | title = Obesity and urolithiasis: evidence of regional influences | journal = Urolithiasis | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 271–278 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 27488444 | doi = 10.1007/s00240-016-0908-3 | s2cid = 4585476 }}</ref> Dietary, fluid intake, and lifestyle factors remain major topics for research on prevention of kidney stones, as of 2017.<ref name="Zisman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zisman AL | title = Effectiveness of Treatment Modalities on Kidney Stone Recurrence | journal = Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 1699–1708 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28830863 | pmc = 5628726 | doi = 10.2215/cjn.11201016 }}</ref>

=== Gut microbiota ===
The [[gut microbiota]] has been explored as a contributing factor for stone disease, indicating that some bacteria may be different in people forming kidney stones.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stanford |first1=Jordan |last2=Charlton |first2=Karen |last3=Stefoska-Needham |first3=Anita |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Rukayat |last5=Lambert |first5=Kelly |title=The gut microbiota profile of adults with kidney disease and kidney stones: a systematic review of the literature |journal=BMC Nephrology|date=5 June 2020 |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=215 |doi=10.1186/s12882-020-01805-w |issn=1471-2369 |pmc=7275316 |pmid=32503496 |doi-access=free }}</ref> One bacterium, ''[[Oxalobacter formigenes]]'', is potentially beneficial for mitigating calcium oxalate stones because of its ability to metabolize oxalate as its sole carbon source,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duncan |first1=Sylvia H. |last2=Richardson |first2=Anthony J. |last3=Kaul |first3=Poonam |last4=Holmes |first4=Ross P. |last5=Allison |first5=Milton J. |last6=Stewart |first6=Colin S. |date=2002-08-01 |title=Oxalobacter formigenes and Its Potential Role in Human Health |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=68 |issue=8 |pages=3841–3847 |doi=10.1128/AEM.68.8.3841-3847.2002 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=124017 |pmid=12147479|bibcode=2002ApEnM..68.3841D }}</ref> but 2018 research suggests that it is instead part of a network of oxalate degrading bacteria.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ticinesi |first1=Andrea |last2=Milani |first2=Christian |last3=Guerra |first3=Angela |last4=Allegri |first4=Franca |last5=Lauretani |first5=Fulvio |last6=Nouvenne |first6=Antonio |last7=Mancabelli |first7=Leonardo |last8=Lugli |first8=Gabriele Andrea |last9=Turroni |first9=Francesca |last10=Duranti |first10=Sabrina |last11=Mangifesta |first11=Marta |title=Understanding the gut–kidney axis in nephrolithiasis: an analysis of the gut microbiota composition and functionality of stone formers |url=https://gut.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315734|date=28 April 2018 |journal=Gut |language=en |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=2097–2106 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315734 |pmid=29705728 |s2cid=14055215 |issn=0017-5749}}</ref> Additionally, one study found that oral [[antibiotic]] use, which alters the gut microbiota,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramirez |first1=Jaime |last2=Guarner |first2=Francisco |last3=Bustos Fernandez |first3=Luis |last4=Maruy |first4=Aldo |last5=Sdepanian |first5=Vera Lucia |last6=Cohen |first6=Henry |date=2020-11-24 |title=Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |pages=572912 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.572912 |issn=2235-2988 |pmc=7732679 |pmid=33330122|doi-access=free }}</ref> can increase the odds of a person developing a kidney stone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tasian |first1=Gregory E. |last2=Jemielita |first2=Thomas |last3=Goldfarb |first3=David S. |last4=Copelovitch |first4=Lawrence |last5=Gerber |first5=Jeffrey S. |last6=Wu |first6=Qufei |last7=Denburg |first7=Michelle R. |date=2018-06-01 |title=Oral Antibiotic Exposure and Kidney Stone Disease |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |language=en |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1731–1740 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2017111213 |issn=1046-6673 |pmc=6054354 |pmid=29748329}}</ref>