Editing In vitro fertilisation (section)

=== Transgender parents ===
{{See also|Transgender pregnancy}}
The research on [[transgender]] reproduction and family planning is limited.<ref name="Besse2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Besse M, Lampe NM, Mann ES | title = Experiences with Achieving Pregnancy and Giving Birth Among Transgender Men: A Narrative Literature Review | journal = The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine | volume = 93 | issue = 4 | pages = 517–528 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 33005116 | pmc = 7513446 }}</ref> A 2020 comparative study of children born to a transgender father and cisgender mother via [[donor sperm insemination]] in France showed no significant differences to IVF and naturally conceived children of cisgender parents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Condat A, Mamou G, Lagrange C, Mendes N, Wielart J, Poirier F, Medjkane F, Brunelle J, Drouineaud V, Rosenblum O, Gründler N, Ansermet F, Wolf JP, Falissard B, Cohen D | display-authors = 6 | title = Transgender fathering: Children's psychological and family outcomes | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | pages = e0241214 | date = 19 November 2020 | pmid = 33211742 | pmc = 7676740 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241214 | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1541214C | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Transgender men can experience challenges in pregnancy and birthing from the cis-normative structure within the medical system,<ref name="Besse2020" /> as well as psychological challenges such as renewed gender dysphoria.<ref>{{harvnb|Obedin-Maliver|Makadon|2016|loc=§ "Psychological considerations"}}.</ref> The effect of continued testosterone therapy during pregnancy and breastfeeding is undetermined.<ref>{{harvnb|Obedin-Maliver|Makadon|2016|loc=§ "Fertility and achieving pregnancy"}}.</ref> Ethical concerns include reproductive rights, reproductive justice, physician autonomy, and transphobia within the health care setting.<ref name="Besse2020" />