Editing Imperialism (section)

==Non-western imperialism by country==
{{See also|List of largest empires}}

===Caliphate===
{{Main|Caliphate}}
The [[Early Muslim conquests]] and the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-islamic]] [[Caliphate]] have been described at religious imperialism motivated by [[Supremacism#Islamic|Islamic supremacism]].<ref name="c737"/><ref name="h557">{{cite book | last=Akhtar | first=Shabbir | title=Islam as Political Religion | publisher=Routledge | date=18 October 2010 | isbn=978-1-136-90143-0 | doi=10.4324/9780203841822 | page=}}</ref>

===China===
[[File:Qing Empire circa 1820 EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The Qing Empire {{Circa|1820}} marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas.]]
{{Main|Chinese imperialism}}
{{See also|Tang dynasty in Inner Asia|Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia|Qing dynasty in Inner Asia}}

China was one of the world's oldest empires. Due to its long history of imperialist expansion, China has been seen by its neighboring countries as a threat due to its large population, giant economy, large military force as well as its territorial evolution throughout history. Starting with the unification of China under the [[Qin dynasty]], later [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese dynasties]] continued to follow its form of expansions.<ref>Chun-shu Chang, ''The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China, ca. 1600 B.C.–A.D. 8'' (University of Michigan Press, 2007).</ref>

The most successful Chinese imperial dynasties in terms of territorial expansion were the [[Han dynasty|Han]], [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]], and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties.

===Egypt===
{{Excerpt|New Kingdom of Egypt|paragraphs=1}}

===Inca===
{{Excerpt|Inca Empire|paragraphs=1|template=-Inca civilization}}

===Iran===
{{Excerpt|Safavid Iran|only=paragraph}}

===Japan===
{{Main|Japanese colonial empire|List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan}}
[[File:Japanese Empire (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|upright=1|The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1942]]

[[File:Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces on the deck board of the IJN xxx, June 11th.jpg|thumb|[[Special Naval Landing Forces|Japanese Marines]] preparing to land in [[Anqing]], China, in June 1938]]

For over 200 years, Japan maintained a feudal society during a period of [[Sakoku|relative isolation from the rest of the world]]. However, in the 1850s, [[Perry Expedition|military pressure from the United States]] and other world powers coerced Japan to open itself to the global market, resulting in an end to the country's isolation. A [[Bakumatsu|period of conflicts and political revolutions]] followed due to socioeconomic uncertainty, ending in 1868 with the reunification of political power under the [[Emperor of Japan|Japanese Emperor]] during the [[Meiji Restoration]]. This sparked a period of rapid industrialization driven in part by a Japanese desire for self-sufficiency. By the early 1900s, Japan was a naval power that could hold its own against an established European power as it defeated Russia.<ref>Andrew Gordon, ''A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present'' (2013), pp 114–25.</ref>

Despite its rising population and increasingly industrialized economy, Japan lacked significant natural resources. As a result, the country turned to imperialism and [[expansionism]] in part as a means of compensating for these shortcomings, adopting the national motto ''"[[Fukoku kyōhei]]"'' (富国強兵, "Enrich the state, strengthen the military").<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA430 |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |year=2016 |isbn=9781483359885 |page=430|publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>

And Japan was eager to take every opportunity. In 1869 they took advantage of the defeat of the rebels of the [[Republic of Ezo]] to incorporate definitely the island of [[Hokkaido]] to Japan. For centuries, Japan viewed the [[Ryukyu Islands]] as one of its provinces. In 1871 the [[Mudan incident]] happened: [[Paiwan people|Taiwanese aborigines]] murdered 54 [[Ryukyuan people|Ryūkyūan]] sailors that became shipwrecked. At that time the [[Ryukyu Islands]] were claimed by both [[Qing China]] and Japan, and the Japanese interpreted the incident as an attack on their citizens. They took steps to bring the islands in their jurisdiction: in 1872 the Japanese [[Ryukyu Domain]] was declared, and in 1874 a [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)|retaliatory incursion to Taiwan]] was sent, which was a success. The success of this expedition emboldened the Japanese: not even the Americans could defeat the Taiwanese in the [[Formosa Expedition]] of 1867. Very few gave it much thought at the time, but this was the first move in the Japanese expansionism series. Japan occupied Taiwan for the rest of 1874 and then left owing to Chinese pressures, but in 1879 it finally annexed the [[Ryukyu Islands]]. In 1875 Qing China sent a 300-men force to subdue the Taiwanese, but unlike the Japanese the Chinese were routed, ambushed and 250 of their men were killed; the failure of this expedition exposed once more the failure of Qing China to exert effective control in Taiwan, and acted as another incentive for the Japanese to annex Taiwan. Eventually, the spoils for winning the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894 included [[Taiwan]].<ref>S.C.M. Paine, ''The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War'' (2017) pp 15–48.</ref>

In 1875 Japan took its first operation against [[Kingdom of Joseon|Joseon Korea]], another territory that for centuries it coveted; the [[Ganghwa Island incident]] made Korea open to international trade. [[Korea]] was annexed in 1910. As a result of winning the [[Russo-Japanese War]] in 1905, Japan took part of [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin Island]] from Russia. Precisely, the victory against the [[Russian Empire]] shook the world: never before had an Asian nation defeated a European power{{Dubious|date=August 2020}}, and in Japan it was seen as a feat. Japan's victory against Russia would act as an antecedent for Asian countries in the fight against the Western powers for [[Decolonization]]. During [[World War I]], Japan took German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province, as well as the [[Mariana Islands|Mariana]], [[Caroline Islands|Caroline]], and [[Marshall Islands]], and kept the islands as League of nations mandates. At first, Japan was in good standing with the victorious Allied powers of World War I, but different discrepancies and dissatisfaction with the rewards of the treaties cooled the relations with them, for example American pressure forced it to return the Shandong area. By the '30s, economic depression, urgency of resources and a growing distrust in the Allied powers made Japan lean to a hardened militaristic stance. Through the decade, it would grow closer to Germany and Italy, forming together the Axis alliance. In 1931 Japan took [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Manchuria]] from China. International reactions condemned this move, but Japan's already strong skepticism against Allied nations meant that it nevertheless carried on.<ref>Louise Young, ''Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism'' (1999) pp 3–54.</ref>

[[File:First pictures of the Japanese occupation of Peiping in China.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese march into [[Zhengyangmen]] of Beijing after capturing the city in July 1937.]]
During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China. Also, in 1938–1939 Japan made an attempt to seize the territory of Soviet Russia and Mongolia, but suffered a serious defeats (see [[Battle of Lake Khasan]], [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]]). By now, relations with the Allied powers were at the bottom, and an international boycott against Japan to deprive it of natural resources was enforced. A military move to gain access to them was deemed necessary, and so Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]], bringing the United States to World War II. Using its superior technological advances in [[naval aviation]] and its modern doctrines of [[amphibious warfare|amphibious]] and [[naval warfare]], Japan achieved one of the fastest maritime expansions in history. By 1942 Japan had conquered much of East Asia and the Pacific, including the east of China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of [[New Guinea]] and many islands of the Pacific Ocean. Just as Japan's late industrialization success and victory against the Russian Empire was seen as an example among underdeveloped Asia-Pacific nations, the Japanese took advantage of this and promoted among its conquered the goal to jointly create an anti-European "[[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]". This plan helped the Japanese gain support from native populations during its conquests{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} especially in Indonesia.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} However, the United States had a vastly stronger military and industrial base and defeated Japan, stripping it of conquests and returning its settlers back to Japan.<ref>Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie, eds., ''The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945'' (1987) pp 61–127</ref>

===Mongol===
{{Excerpt|Mongol Empire|paragraphs=1}}

===Mughal===
{{Excerpt|Mughal Empire|paragraphs=1}}

===Ottoman===
{{Main|Ottoman Empire|Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire}}
[[File:OttomanEmpire1683.png|thumb|300px|The Ottoman Empire in 1683; core possessions in dark green; [[Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire|vassal or autonomous areas]] in light green.]]

The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1922. In 1453, [[Mehmed the Conqueror]] captured [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and made it his capital. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], the Ottoman Empire was a powerful multinational, multilingual empire, which [[Turks in Europe#Ottoman migration|invaded and colonized]] much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the [[Caucasus]], North Africa, and the [[Horn of Africa]]. Its repeated invasions, and brutal treatment of Slavs led to the [[Great Migrations of the Serbs]] to escape persecution. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained [[Provinces of the Ottoman Empire|32 provinces]] and numerous [[Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire|vassal states]]. Some of these were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.<ref>Jane Hathaway, ''The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1800'' (2008).</ref>

Following a long period of [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military setbacks]] against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|declined]], losing control of much of its territory in Europe and Africa.

By 1810 Egypt was effectively independent. In 1821–1829 the Greeks in the [[Greek War of Independence]] were assisted by Russia, Britain and France. In 1815 to 1914 the Ottoman Empire could exist only in the conditions of acute rivalry of the great powers, with Britain its main supporter, especially in the [[Crimean War]] 1853–1856, against Russia. After Ottoman defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]], Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro gained independence and Britain took colonial control of [[Cyprus]], while [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] were occupied and annexed by [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1908.

The empire allied with Germany in World War I with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|dissolved]] in the aftermath of its decisive defeat. The Kemalist national movement, supported by Soviet Russia, achieved victory in the course of the [[Turkish War of Independence]], and the parties signed and ratified the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] in 1923 and 1924. The [[Republic of Turkey]] was established.<ref>Caroline Finkel, (2005). ''Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923''.</ref>