Editing High-speed rail (section)

===Expansion in East, Southeast, and South Asia===
For four decades since its opening in 1964, the Japanese [[Shinkansen]] was the only high-speed rail service outside of Europe. In the 2000s a number of new high-speed rail services started operating in [[East Asia]]. [[Southeast Asia]] also saw, and [[South Asia]] will see their first high-speed rail service in the 2020s.

====China====
{{Main|High-speed rail in China}}
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High-speed rail was introduced to China in 2003 with the [[Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway]].

The Chinese government made high-speed rail construction a cornerstone of the [[Chinese economic stimulus program]] to mitigate the effects of the [[2008 financial crisis]] and the result has been a rapid development of the Chinese rail system into the world's most extensive high-speed rail network. By 2013 the system had {{convert|11028|km|mi|abbr=on}} of operational track, accounting for about half of the world's total at the time.<ref name="2013 HSR stat">{{cite web|url=http://business.sohu.com/20140305/n396105235.shtml|date=5 March 2014|website=[[Sohu]] Business|language=zh-hans|script-title=zh:中国高铁总里程达11028公里占世界一半"}}</ref>
By the end of 2018, the total high-speed railway (HSR) in China had risen to over {{convert|29000|km|abbr=off|mi}}.<ref name=":0" />
Over 1.71 billion trips were made in 2017, more than half of China's total railway passenger delivery, making it the world's busiest network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2018/01-02/8414612.shtml|website=www.chinanews.com|language=zh-hans|script-title=zh:2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

State planning for high-speed railway began in the early 1990s, and the country's first high-speed rail line, the [[Qinhuangdao–Shenyang Passenger Railway]], was built in 1999 and opened to commercial operation in 2003. This line could accommodate commercial trains running at up to {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}. Planners also considered Germany's [[Transrapid]] [[maglev]] technology and built the [[Shanghai maglev train]], which runs on a {{convert|30.5|km|abbr=on}} track linking the [[Pudong]], the city's financial district, and the [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Pudong International Airport]].
The maglev train service began operating in 2004 with trains reaching a top speed of {{convert|431|km/h|abbr=on}}, and remains the fastest high-speed service in the world. Maglev, however, was not adopted nationally and all subsequent expansion features high-speed rail on conventional tracks.

In the 1990s, China's domestic train production industry designed and produced a series of high-speed train prototypes but few were used in commercial operation and none were mass-produced. The Chinese Ministry of Railways (MOR) then arranged for the purchase of foreign high-speed trains from French, German, and Japanese manufacturers along with certain technology transfers and joint ventures with domestic trainmakers. In 2007, the MOR introduced the [[China Railway High-speed|China Railways High-speed (CRH)]] service, also known as "Harmony Trains", a version of the German [[Siemens Velaro]] high-speed train.

In 2008, high-speed trains began running at a top speed of {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}} on the [[Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway]], which opened during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing. The following year, trains on the newly opened [[Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway]] set a world record for average speed over an entire trip, at {{convert|312.5|km/h|abbr=on}} over {{convert|968|km|abbr=off}}.

A [[Wenzhou train collision|collision of high-speed trains]] on 23 July 2011 in [[Zhejiang]] province killed 40 and injured 195, raising concerns about operational safety. A credit crunch later that year slowed the construction of new lines. In July 2011, top train speeds were lowered to {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. But by 2012, the high-speed rail boom had renewed with new lines and new rolling stock by domestic producers that had indigenised foreign technology. On 26 December 2012, China opened the [[Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway]], the world's longest high-speed rail line, which runs {{convert|2208|km|abbr=on}} from [[Beijing West railway station]] to [[Shenzhen North Railway Station]].<ref name="AP Jingshen HSR">{{cite news|title=World's Longest Fast Train Line Opens in China|agency=Associated Press|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/worlds-longest-fast-train-line-opens-china|url-status=dead|access-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229131846/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/worlds-longest-fast-train-line-opens-china|archive-date=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Beijing – Guangzhou high speed line completed|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/beijing-guangzhou-high-speed-line-completed.html|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-date=29 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229151344/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/beijing-guangzhou-high-speed-line-completed.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The network set a target to create the [[High-speed rail in China#National high-speed rail grid (4+4)|4+4 National  high-speed rail Grid]] by 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=China's operating high-speed railway exceeds 7,000&nbsp;km|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-11/27/c_132002966.htm|date=27 November 2012|work=xinhuanet.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201060253/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-11/27/c_132002966.htm|archive-date=1 December 2012|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> and continues to rapidly expand with the July 2016 announcement of the [[High-speed rail in China#8+8 HSR Grid|8+8 National high-speed rail Grid]]. In 2017, {{Convert|350|km/h|0|abbr=on}} services resumed on the [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2017/08/21/china-world-fastest-train/|title=China Relaunches World's Fastest Train|website=Fortune}}</ref> once again refreshing the world record for average speed with select services running between [[Beijing South railway station|Beijing South]] to [[Nanjing South railway station|Nanjing South]] reaching average speeds of {{convert|317.7|km/h|abbr=on|}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=China powers ahead as new entrants clock in|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/fileadmin/user_upload/railwaygazette.com/PDF/Railway_Gazette_World_Speed_Survey_2019.pdf|website=Railway Gazette International|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709020342/https://www.railwaygazette.com/fileadmin/user_upload/railwaygazette.com/PDF/Railway_Gazette_World_Speed_Survey_2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Like Japan, China is also developing maglev system to run trains with even higher speeds. Currently there are two separate high-speed maglev systems being developed in China: 
* the ''CRRC 600'', is based on the [[Transrapid]] technology and is being developed by the [[CRRC]] under license from [[ThyssenKrupp|Thyssen-Krupp]].<ref name="ReOpenEmsland">{{cite news |title=German maglev test track set for revival? CRRC could use the Transrapid Emsland track to test maglev vehicles. |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/german-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival/ |publisher=International Railway Journal |date=6 April 2021}}</ref> A {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} test track has been operating since 2006 at the Jiading Campus of [[Tongji University]], northwest of Shanghai.  A prototype vehicle was developed in 2019 and was tested in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=China's super fast 600km/h maglev train performs its first test run |url=https://www.scmp.com/abacus/news-bites/article/3090079/chinas-super-fast-600km/h-maglev-train-performs-its-first-test |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=SCMP |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> In July 2021 a four car train was unveiled.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} A high-speed test track is under development and in April 2021 there was consideration given to re-opening the Emsland test facility in Germany.<ref name="ReOpenEmsland"/>
* An incompatible system has been developed at [[Southwest Jiaotong University]] in Chengdu, the design uses high-temperature super conducting magnets, which the university has been researching since 2000, and is capable of {{convert|620|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.  A prototype was demonstrated in January 2021 on a {{convert|165|m|yd|abbr=on}} test track.<ref>{{cite news |title=China reveals 620km/hr high-temp electric maglev train |url=https://thedriven.io/2021/01/21/china-reveals-620km-hr-high-temp-electric-maglev-train/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=The Driven |date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

====South Korea====
{{Main|High-speed rail in South Korea}}
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In South Korea, construction of the high-speed line from [[Seoul]] to [[Busan]] began in 1992. The Seoul–Busan corridor is Korea's busiest running between the two largest cities. In 1982, it represented 65.8% of South Korea's population, a number that grew to 73.3% by 1995, along with 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic. With both the [[Gyeongbu Expressway]] and [[Korail]]'s [[Gyeongbu Line]] congested as of the late 1970s, the government saw the pressing need for another form of transportation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Nam-Geon |last2=Chung |first2=Jin-Kyu |title=High Speed Rail Construction of Korea and Its Impact |language=ko |journal=KRIHS Special Report Series |volume=12 |year=2008 |publisher=Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements |url=http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/en/AD/ZA/ADZA2008AAN/ADZA-2008-AAN.PDF |access-date=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529073047/http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/en/AD/ZA/ADZA2008AAN/ADZA-2008-AAN.PDF |archive-date=2011-05-29 |page=11}}</ref>

The line known as [[Gyeongbu high-speed railway]], better known with the [[Korea Train Express|Korea Train Express (KTX)]] service operating on it, was launched on 1 April 2004, using primarily TGV technology from [[France]]. Top speed for trains in regular service is currently {{convert|305|km/h|abbr=on}}, though the infrastructure is designed for {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}}. In 2015 and 2016, high-speed rail services were extended to other parts of the country, with the [[Honam high-speed railway]] connecting [[Gwangju]], and [[Suseo–Pyeongtaek high-speed railway]] as the second link from Seoul, entered operation. [[Super Rapid Train]], an open-access operator, started joining the market to operate services on the latter in the same year. Some existing conventional lines, including [[Gyeonggang Line]] and [[Jungang line|Jungang Line]], are also upgraded to semi-high-speed standard, further expanded the KTX network.

The [[KTX-I|initial rolling stock]] was based on [[Alstom]]'s [[SNCF TGV Réseau|TGV Réseau]], and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed [[HSR-350x]], which achieved {{convert|352.4|km/h|abbr=on}} in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail, the [[KTX-Sancheon]], which entered into commercial service in 2010. The next generation experimental EMU prototype, [[HEMU-430X]], achieved {{convert|421.4|km/h|abbr=on}} in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after France, Japan, and China to develop a high-speed train running on conventional rail above {{convert|420|km/h|abbr=on}}. It was further developed into commercialised variants, namely [[KTX-Eum]] and [[KTX-Cheongryong]], with respective maximum service speeds of {{Convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and {{Convert|320|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, which entered into KTX services in 2021 and 2024, respectively.

====Taiwan====
{{Main|High-speed rail in Taiwan}}
[[File:A train at THSR Taichung Station.jpg|thumb|A [[THSR 700T]] train at [[Taichung HSR station]]. The [[Taiwan High Speed Rail]] system is primarily based on Japanese Shinkansen]]
[[Taiwan High Speed Rail]]'s first and only HSR line opened for service on 5 January 2007, using Japanese trains with a top speed of {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. The service traverses {{convert|345|km|abbr=on}} from {{stl|Taiwan High Speed Rail|Nangang}} to {{stl|Taiwan High Speed Rail|Zuoying}} in as little as 105 minutes. While it contains only one line, its route covers [[Western Taiwan]] where over 90% of Taiwan's population live; connecting most major cities of Taiwan: [[Taipei]], [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]], [[Taoyuan, Taiwan|Taoyuan]], [[Hsinchu]], [[Taichung]], [[Chiayi]], [[Tainan]], and [[Kaohsiung]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Strategic Plan for National Spatial Development (Summary) |date=June 2010 |publisher=[[Council for Economic Planning and Development]], Government of Taiwan |location=Taipei |pages=28–34 |url=https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC83Mi9hZjBhNTViZC1mMzU1LTQwMGQtYTQ5ZC0xNDJlYWFjZGE2MWEucGRm&n=57aT5bu65pyD5ZyL5ZyfX%2BS4reaWh1IucGRm&icon=..pdf |access-date=30 January 2022 |language=zh}}</ref> Once THSR began operations, almost all passengers switched from airlines flying parallel routes<ref name="railvsair_TJ">{{cite news |last=Chen |first=Melody |date=4 September 2008 |title=Romance of rail jeopardises domestic air routes |journal=[[Taiwan Journal]] |url=http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/site/tj/ct.asp?CtNode=122&xItem=45023 |access-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925003521/http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/site/tj/ct.asp?CtNode=122&xItem=45023 |archive-date=25 September 2008}}</ref> while road traffic was also reduced.<ref name="KaWh_07">{{cite news |date=26 September 2007 |title=Taiwan's High-speed Rail: It's Been a Rapid Learning Curve |work=China Knowledge@Wharton |publisher=[[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] |url=http://www.knowledgeatwharton.com.cn/index.cfm?fa=viewfeature&articleid=1718&languageid=1 |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031053/http://www.knowledgeatwharton.com.cn/index.cfm?fa=viewfeature&articleid=1718&languageid=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Extension from both of current ends are being studied, and it was announced in December 2024 that the end from Zuoying will be extended to [[Kaohsiung Main Station|Kaohsiung city centre]] and [[Pingtung County|Pingtung]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Altered HSR extension plan to require new environmental assessment - Focus Taiwan |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202412280012 |website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News |access-date=29 December 2024 |date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
{{Main|High-speed rail in Indonesia}}
[[File:KCIC 400-5 with Whoosh logo.jpg|thumb|A KCIC400AF train (a variant of [[China Railway CR400AF|CR400AF]]) passing through [[Bandung]]]]
Indonesia is the first country in Southeast Asia to operate high-speed rail. The concept was first seriously considered in 2008, leading to discussions at the Asian Investment Summit in 2013, and detailed plans were established in 2015. Plans to begin construction of the [[Jakarta]]-[[Bandung]] HSR were announced by the Indonesian government in July 2015, after the Chinese President and other world leaders visited the Bandung Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oehlers |first=Craig P. |title=Race for Indonesia's high-speed railway part of a big game |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/22/race-indonesia-s-high-speed-railway-part-a-big-game.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=The Jakarta Post |date=August 22, 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

Both [[Japan]] and [[China]] expressed interest in high-speed rail projects in Indonesia, which highlighted the rivalry between them in their race for Asian infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail |url=https://qz.com/indonesia-whoosh-high-speed-rail-china-belt-and-road-in-1850882868 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> In mid-September 2015, China announced it would fully meet the Indonesian government's demands and offered a new proposal that did not require Indonesia to assume any fiscal burden or debt guarantee in proceeding with the project.<ref name="Jiji">{{cite news |title = China chosen over Japan for Indonesian rail project |date = 29 September 2015 |work=Jiji Press |url=http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002457868 |access-date=6 October 2015 |archive-date=5 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005150338/http://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0002457868 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that month, Indonesia selected China for the $5 billion project.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |title=Indonesia's Handling of High-Speed Train Project Adds to Business Confusion, Mixed messages to Japan, China come as Indonesia courts foreign investors | author=Ben Otto |author2=Anita Rachman |date=30 September 2015 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indonesia-to-break-ground-on-first-high-speed-railway-this-year-1443596942?mod=rss_Business |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2015 |title=Indonesia to award fast train contract to China - Japanese embassy official |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/indonesia-railway-idUSL3N11Z3HQ20150929 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="ABC">{{cite news |date=30 September 2015 |title=Indonesia awards multi-billion-dollar railway project to China over Japan |newspaper=ABC |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-30/indonesia-awards-major-rail-contract-to-china/6818082 |access-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

The construction of the first high-speed rail service, linking two major cities of [[Jakarta]] and [[Bandung]] with a distance of {{convert|142.8|km|mi}}, started in August 2018, with the cost of $7.3 billion to build.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/indonesia-ap-joko-widodo-china-jakarta-b2421753.html |title=Indonesia is set to launch Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, largely funded by China |website=The Independent |date=1 October 2023 |first=Niniek |last=Karmini }}</ref><ref name="Malleck">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/indonesia-whoosh-high-speed-rail-china-belt-and-road-in-1850882868 |title= Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail |date=2 October 2023 |first=Julia |last=Malleck }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/indonesia-first-bullet-train-china-funding-intl-hnk/index.html |title=With China's help, Indonesia launches Southeast Asia's first bullet train |website=CNN |date=2 October 2023 |first=Derek |last=Cai }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-02/indonesia-starts-southeast-asia-s-first-high-speed-rail-operations?leadSource=uverify%20wall |title=Indonesia Starts Southeast Asia's First High-Speed Rail Operations |website=Bloomberg |date=2 October 2023 |first=Chandra |last=Asmara }}</ref> The line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 17 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Vincent Fabian |date=2023-08-08 |title=High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2023/08/08/high-speed-railway-delayed-again-but-its-for-the-better-experts-say.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Jakarta Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/NxGCz5Mq-pakai-skema-ini-penumpang-kcic-naik-hingga-2-juta|title=Pakai Skema Ini Penumpang KCIC Naik hingga 2 Juta |website=metrotvnews.com |date=6 March 2024 |first=Annisa|last=Ayu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20240305/98/1746672/penumpang-kereta-cepat-whoosh-tembus-2-juta-berkat-tarif-dinamis |title=Penumpang Kereta Cepat Whoosh Tembus 2 Juta, Berkat Tarif Dinamis? |website=bisnis.com |date=5 March 2024 |first=Lorenzo |last=Mahardia }}</ref> It is operated with a maximum operating speed of {{convert|350|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=10}} by [[Kereta Cepat Indonesia China]], a joint venture of Indonesian and Chinese [[state-owned enterprises]]. This route also serves as an initial project for future development plans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Binekasri |first=Romys |title=Sah! Kereta Cepat Jakarta Surabaya Digarap China |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20231031175019-17-485285/sah-kereta-cepat-jakarta-surabaya-digarap-china |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=CNBC Indonesia |language=id}}</ref>