Editing Heraclitus (section)

==== Post-Kantianism ====
Ever since German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]], philosophers have sometimes been divided into rationalists and empiricists.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/rationalism-empiricism/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first1=Peter|last1=Markie|first2=M.|last2=Folescu|chapter=Rationalism vs. Empiricism|editor-first1=Edward N.|editor-last1=Zalta|editor-first2=Uri|editor-last2=Nodelman|year =2023|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> Heraclitus has been considered each by different scholars.{{sfn|Graham|2019|loc=§1}} For rationalism,{{sfn|Lassalle|1858|p=362}}<ref>Moyal, Georges J.D. "The Unexpressed Rationalism of Heraclitus." ''Revue de Philosophie Ancienne'', vol. 7, no. 2, 1989, pp. 185–198. {{JSTOR|24353855}}. Accessed 2 Jan. 2024.</ref> philosophers cite fragments like "Poor witnesses for men are the eyes and ears of those who have barbarian souls."{{efn|name=a16|{{harvnb|A16}}}}{{efn|{{harvnb| B107}}}} For empiricism,{{sfn|Schuster|1873|p=17}} they cite fragments like "The things that can be seen, heard, and learned are what I prize the most."{{efn|{{harvnb|Hippolytus|loc= B55}}}} Gottlob Mayer has argued that the [[philosophical pessimism]] of [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] recapitulated the thought of Heraclitus.<ref>Heraklit von Ephesus und Arthur Schopenhauer; eine historisch-philosophische Parallele, Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg, 1886</ref>{{Sfn|Patrick|1889|p=71}}

The impression of Heraclitus on [[German idealism|German idealist]] [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F. Hegel]] was so profound that he remarked in his ''[[Lectures on the History of Philosophy]]'': "there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my ''[[Science of Logic|Logic]]''."<ref>Hegel, G. W. F. (1995). Lectures on the History of Philosophy: Greek philosophy to Plato. United Kingdom: University of Nebraska Press. p. 279</ref> Hegel interpreted Heraclitus as a dialetheist and as a process philosopher, seeing the flux or "becoming" in Heraclitus as a natural result of the [[ontology]] of "being" and "non-being" in Parmenides.{{sfn|Graham|2019|loc=§7}} He also doubted the world conflagration (''ekpyrosis'') interpretation, which had been popular since Aristotle.{{sfn|Graham|2019|loc=§4}}

===== Heraclitean studies =====
[[File:Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher 2.jpg|thumb|140px|Schleiermacher was "the pioneer of Heraclitean studies".]]The German theologian [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] was one of the first to collect the fragments of Heraclitus specifically and write them out in his native tongue, the "pioneer of Heraclitean studies".<ref>Schleiermacher, F. 1839. "Herakleitos Der Dunkle von Ephesos, Dargestellt Aus Den Trümmern Seines Werkes Und Den Zeugnissen Der Alten." In Sämtliche Werke, Berlin, 1–146</ref><ref name="Roberts-2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZwYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title=Germany and the Imagined East|first=Lee M.|last=Roberts|date=January 14, 2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781443804196}}</ref>{{sfn|Wheelwright|1959|p=160}} Schleiermacher was also one of the first to posit Persian influence upon Heraclitus, a question taken up by succeeding scholars [[Georg Friedrich Creuzer|Friedrich Creuzer]] and August Gladisch.<ref name=Ueberweg /><ref name="Roberts-2009" />

The [[Young Hegelians|Young Hegelian]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] wrote [[Die Philosophie Herakleitos des Dunklen von Ephesos|a book]] on Heraclitus.{{sfn|Lassalle|1858}} "Lassalle follows Hegel in styling the doctrine of Heraclitus 'the philosophy of the logical law of the identity of contradictories."<ref name=Ueberweg>History of Philosophy, by Friedrich Ueberweg, p. 39</ref>{{sfn|Lassalle|1858|pp=354–355}} Lassalle also thought Persian theology influenced Heraclitus.<ref name="C. H. A. Bjerregaard-1896" />{{sfn|Lassalle|1858|p=362}}<ref name="Conspectus of Lassalle" /> Fellow Young Hegelian [[Karl Marx]] compared Lasalle's work to that of "a schoolboy"<ref>"Letter to Friedrich Engels, February 1, 1858" Marx-Engels Collected Works, Volume 40, p. 258</ref> and [[Vladimir Lenin]] accused him of "sheer [[plagiarism]]".<ref name="Conspectus of Lassalle">"Conspectus of Lassalle's Book The Philospohy of Heraclitus the Obscure of Ephesus" Lenin's Collected Works, 4th Edition, Moscow, 1976, Volume 38, pp. 337–353</ref>

[[Classics|Classical philologist]] [[Jakob Bernays]] also wrote a work on Heraclitus.<ref name=Ueberweg /> Inspired by Bernays, the English scholar [[Ingram Bywater]] collected all fragments of Heraclitus in a critical edition, ''Heracliti Ephesii Reliquiae'' (1877).<ref name="Jackson-1917">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPe7BB1gFfAC&pg=RA2-PA95|title=Ingram Bywater: The Memoir of an Oxford Scholar, 1840–1914|first=William Walrond|last=Jackson|date=June 7, 1917|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Hermann Diels]] wrote "Bywater's book has come to be accounted ... as the only reliable collection of the remains of that philosopher."<ref name="Jackson-1917" /> 

====== Diels-Kranz ======
Diels published the first edition of the authoritative ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'' (''The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics'') in 1903, later revised and expanded three times, and finally revised in two subsequent editions by Walther Kranz. Diels–Kranz is used in academia to cite pre-Socratic philosophers. In [[Diels–Kranz numbering|Diels–Kranz]], each ancient personality and each passage is assigned a number to uniquely identify it; Heraclitus is traditionally catalogued as pre-Socratic philosopher number 22.<ref name="DKranz">{{cite book|last1=Diels|first1=Hermann|last2=Kranz|first2=Walther|editor-last1=Plamböck|editor-first1=Gert|title=Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker|date=1957|publisher=Rowohlt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEYWQwAACAAJ|access-date=11 April 2022|isbn=5875607416|language=grc,de}}</ref>