Editing Fair trade (section)

=== Cocoa ===
Many countries that export [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] rely on it as their single export crop. In Africa in particular, governments tax cocoa as their main source of revenue. Cocoa is a permanent crop, which means that it occupies land for long periods of time and does not need to be replanted after each harvest.<ref name="Willer and Yussefi 2008">Willer, Helga; Yussefi-Menzler, Minou und Sorensen, Neil, (Hrsg.) (2008) "The World of Organic Agriculture – Statistics and Emerging Trends 2008." IFOAM, Bonn and FiBL, Frick</ref>

==== Locations ====
Cocoa is farmed in the tropical regions of West Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In Latin America, cocoa is produced in Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. Much of the cocoa produced in Latin America is organic and regulated by an [[Internal control]] system. Bolivia has fair trade cooperatives that permit a fair share of money for cocoa producers. African cocoa-producing countries include Cameroon, Madagascar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, and Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name="Willer and Yussefi 2008" /> Côte d'Ivoire exports over a third of the world's cocoa beans.<ref name="Brown, Michael Barratt 2007">Brown, Michael Barratt. "'Fair Trade' with Africa." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 34.112 (2007): 267–77</ref> Southeast Asia accounts for about 14% of the world's cocoa production. Major cocoa-producing countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldcocoafoundation.org/our-work/where-we-work/ |title=Where We Work |publisher=World Cocoa Foundation |access-date=2017-11-13 |archive-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018070403/http://www.worldcocoafoundation.org/our-work/where-we-work/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Labour ====
Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa, which caused poverty to abound. Fair trade seeks to establish a system of direct trade from developing countries to counteract this unfair system.<ref name="Brown, Michael Barratt 2007" /> Most cocoa comes from small family-run farms in West Africa. These farms have little market access and so rely on middlemen to bring their products to market. Sometimes middlemen are unfair to farmers.<ref name="Houston, Holly 2012">Houston, Holly, and Terry Wyer. "Why Sustainable Cocoa Farming Matters for Rural Development." Center for Strategic and International Studies, 6 Sept. 2012.</ref> Farmers may join an [[Agricultural cooperative]] that pays farmers a fair price for their cocoa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Michael K |year=2004 |title=Reading fairtrade: political ecological imaginary and the moral economy of fairtrade foods |journal=Political Geography |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=891–915 |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.013}}</ref> One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price, but this does not mean that the higher price paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers. Much of this money goes to community projects such as water wells rather than to individual farmers. Nevertheless, cooperatives such as fair trade-endorsed [[Kuapa Kokoo]] in Ghana are often the only Licensed Buying Companies that will give farmers a fair price and not cheat them or rig sales.<ref name="Berlan, Amanda 2008">{{cite book |last1=Berlan |first1=Amanda |chapter=Making or marketing a difference? An anthropological examination of the marketing of fair trade cocoa from Ghana |series=Research in Economic Anthropology |title=Hidden Hands in the Market: Ethnographies of Fair Trade, Ethical Consumption, and Corporate Social Responsibility |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84855-058-2 |volume=28 |pages=171–94 |publisher=Emerald (MCB UP ) |location=Bingley |doi=10.1016/S0190-1281(08)28008-X}}</ref> Farmers in cooperatives {{clarify|text=are frequently their own bosses and get bonuses|reason=what does it mean to "get a bonus" if you are "your own boss"?|date=March 2022}} per bag of cocoa beans. These arrangements are not always assured and fair trade organizations can't always buy all of the cocoa available to them from cooperatives.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

==== Marketing ====
Marketing of fair trade cocoa to European consumers often portrays cocoa farmers as dependent on western purchases for their livelihood and well-being. Showing African cocoa producers in this way is problematic because it is reminiscent of the imperialistic view that Africans cannot live happily without the help of westerners. It portrays the balance of power as being in favor of the consumers rather than the producers.<ref name="Berlan, Amanda 2008" />

Consumers often aren't willing to pay the extra price for fair trade cocoa because they do not know what fair trade is. Activist groups can educate consumers about the unethical aspects of unfair trade and thereby promote demand for fairly traded commodities. Activism and ethical consumption not only promote fair trade but also act against powerful corporations such as [[Mars, Incorporated]] that refuse to acknowledge the use of forced child labor in the harvesting of their cocoa.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

==== Sustainability ====
[[Smallholding]] farmers frequently lack access not only to markets but also to resources for sustainable cocoa farming practices. Lack of sustainability can be due to pests, diseases that attack cocoa trees, lack of farming supplies, and lack of knowledge about modern farming techniques.<ref name="Houston, Holly 2012" /> One issue pertaining to cocoa plantation sustainability is the amount of time it takes for a cocoa tree to produce pods. A solution is to change the type of cocoa tree being farmed. In Ghana, a hybrid cocoa tree yields two crops after three years rather than the typical one crop after five years.

==== Cocoa companies ====
The following chocolate companies claim to use all or some fair trade cocoa in their chocolate. Certifying organizations, as of 2024, are listed in parentheses.
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* [[Alter Eco]] (Ecocert, Fairtrade International)) <ref name="Huffington Post 2017">{{cite web | title=A Deep Dive into Ethical Label Claims | website=HuffPost | date=April 24, 2017 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/a-deep-dive-into-ethical-label-claims_us_58fe3d8ee4b0f02c3870ed2e | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=May 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504112458/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/a-deep-dive-into-ethical-label-claims_us_58fe3d8ee4b0f02c3870ed2e | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ben & Jerry's]] (Fairtrade International)<ref>{{cite web | title=Fair trade for college students | website=The Collegian | date=November 7, 2017 | url=http://www.stmaryscollegian.com/fair-trade-for-college-students/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222420/http://www.stmaryscollegian.com/fair-trade-for-college-students/ | archive-date=November 13, 2017 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* [[Cadbury]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/media-centre/blog/why-i-want-to-cheer-not-jeer-what-is-happening-with-cadbury-and-fairtrade/ |title=Why I want to cheer, not jeer, what is happening with Cadbury and Fairtrade |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Fairtrade |date=29 November 2016 |publisher=The Fairtrade Foundation |access-date=2020-10-09 |archive-date=2020-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016230016/https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/media-centre/blog/why-i-want-to-cheer-not-jeer-what-is-happening-with-cadbury-and-fairtrade/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Chocolove]] (Fair Trade USA)<ref>{{cite web | title=Top Chocolate Bars For Valentines' | website=Consumer Reports | date=February 13, 2014 | url=https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/02/top-chocolate-bars-for-valentine-s-day/index.htm | language=id | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222154/https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2014/02/top-chocolate-bars-for-valentine-s-day/index.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Divine Chocolate]] (Fairtrade International)<ref name="Huffington Post 2017"/><ref name="HuffPost 2017">{{cite web | title=Of Gods and Goblins | website=HuffPost | date=October 26, 2017 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/of-gods-and-goblins_us_59f20d25e4b06ae9067ab6e7 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=November 30, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130151410/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/of-gods-and-goblins_us_59f20d25e4b06ae9067ab6e7 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Equal Exchange]]<ref name="HuffPost 2017"/>
* [[Gepa The Fair Trade Company|GEPA]]
* [[Green & Black's]] (Fairtrade International)<ref>{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=M. | title=A History of Fair Trade in Contemporary Britain: From Civil Society Campaigns to Corporate Compliance | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-137-31330-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgVaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 | access-date=November 13, 2017 | page=122}}</ref>
* [[Guittard Chocolate Company]] (Fair Trade USA)<ref>{{cite web | title=Short List / Chocolat, Voilà! | website=Observer | url=http://observer.com/2015/11/french-artistry-and-american-entrepreneurial-spirit-the-guittard-chocolate-company/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | date=2015-11-25 | archive-date=2017-11-13 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222936/http://observer.com/2015/11/french-artistry-and-american-entrepreneurial-spirit-the-guittard-chocolate-company/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Theo Chocolate]] (Ecocert)<ref name="Huffington Post 2017"/><ref>{{cite news | last=Chang | first=Elizabeth | title=Your ethical chocolate might be only 20 percent 'ethical' | newspaper=Washington Post | date=April 10, 2017 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/lifestyle/your-ethical-chocolate-might-be-only-20-percent-ethical/2193/ | access-date=November 13, 2017 | archive-date=May 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519084347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/lifestyle/your-ethical-chocolate-might-be-only-20-percent-ethical/2193/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tony's Chocolonely]] (Fairtrade International)
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==== Harkin–Engel Protocol ====
The [[Harkin–Engel Protocol]], also commonly known as the Cocoa Protocol, is an international agreement meant to end some of the world's worst forms of child labor, as well as forced labor in the cocoa industry. It was first negotiated by Senator [[Tom Harkin]] and Representative Eliot Engel after they watched a documentary that showed the cocoa industry's widespread issue of child slavery and trafficking. The parties involved agreed to a six-article plan:

# '''Public statement of the need for and terms of an action plan'''—The cocoa industry acknowledged the problem of forced child labor and will commit "significant resources" to address the problem.
# '''Formation of multi-sectoral advisory groups'''—By 1 October 2001, an advisory group will be formed to research labor practices. By 1 December 2001, industry will form an advisory group and formulate appropriate remedies to address the worst forms of child labor.
# '''Signed joint statement on child labor to be witnessed at the ILO'''—By 1 December 2001, a statement must be made recognizing the need to end the worst forms of child labor and identify developmental alternatives for the children removed from labor.
# '''Memorandum of cooperation'''—By 1 May 2002, Establish a joint action program of research, information exchange, and action to enforce standards to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. Establish a monitor and compliance with the standards.
# '''Establish a joint foundation'''—By 1 July 2002, industry will form a foundation to oversee efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor. It will perform field projects and be a clearinghouse on best practices.
# '''Building toward credible standards'''—By 1 July 2005, the industry will develop and implement industry-wide standards of public certification that cocoa has been grown without any of the worst forms of child labor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/documents-manager/english/54-harkin-engel-protocol/file |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208022828/http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/documents-manager/english/54-harkin-engel-protocol/file |archive-date=2015-12-08 }}</ref>