Editing Eating disorder (section)

== Treatment ==
Treatment varies according to type and severity of eating disorder, and often more than one treatment option is utilized.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Halmi KA |title=The multimodal treatment of eating disorders |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=69–73 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16633511 |pmc=1414734}}</ref>
Various forms of cognitive behavioral therapy have been developed for eating disorders and found to be useful. If a person is experiencing comorbidity between an eating disorder and OCD, exposure and response prevention, coupled with weight restoration and serotonin reputake inhibitors has proven most effective.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simpson HB, Wetterneck CT, Cahill SP, Steinglass JE, Franklin ME, Leonard RC, Weltzin TE, Riemann BC |date=March 2013 |title=Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder complicated by comorbid eating disorders |journal=Cognitive Behaviour Therapy |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1080/16506073.2012.751124 |pmc=3947513 |pmid=23316878}}</ref> Other forms of psychotherapies can also be useful.<ref name="Agras">{{cite journal | vauthors = Agras WS, Bohon C | title = Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the Eating Disorders | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 417–438 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33962536 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-110907 | s2cid = 233998712 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

Family doctors play an important role in early treatment of people with eating disorders by encouraging those who are also reluctant to see a psychiatrist.<ref>Gelder, Mayou, Geddes (2005). Psychiatry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc.{{page needed |date=December 2013}}</ref> Treatment can take place in a variety of different settings such as community programs, hospitals, day programs, and groups.<ref>{{Cite web |title=(Downey, 2014) |url=http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/4/3/2158244014550618 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701070114/http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/4/3/2158244014550618 |archivedate=July 1, 2015}}</ref> The American Psychiatric Association (APA) recommends a team approach to treatment of eating disorders. The members of the team are usually a psychiatrist, therapist, and registered dietitian, but other clinicians may be included.<ref>{{cite book |title=American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders |date=2006 |publisher=American Psychiatric Association |location=Arlington, Virg. |isbn=978-0-89042-385-1 |edition=3rd |url=http://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/eatingdisorders.pdf}}</ref>

That said, some treatment methods are:
* [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] (CBT),<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pike KM, Walsh BT, Vitousek K, Wilson GT, Bauer J |s2cid=27979486 |title=Cognitive behavior therapy in the posthospitalization treatment of anorexia nervosa |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=11 |pages=2046–2049 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14594754 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.2046}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeh HW, Tzeng NS, Lai TJ, Chou KR |title=[Cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders] |journal=Hu Li Za Zhi |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=65–73 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16874604}}</ref><ref name="trial">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt U, Lee S, Beecham J, Perkins S, Treasure J, Yi I, Winn S, Robinson P, Murphy R, Keville S, Johnson-Sabine E, Jenkins M, Frost S, Dodge L, Berelowitz M, Eisler I |title=A randomized controlled trial of family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy guided self-care for adolescents with bulimia nervosa and related disorders |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=591–598 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17403972 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.591}}</ref> which postulates that an individual's feelings and behaviors are caused by their own thoughts instead of external stimuli such as other people, situations or events; the idea is to change how a person thinks and reacts to a situation even if the situation itself does not change. See [[Cognitive behavioral treatment of eating disorders]].
** [[Acceptance and commitment therapy]]: a type of CBT<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Berman MI, Boutelle KN, Crow SJ |title=A case series investigating acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for previously treated, unremitted patients with anorexia nervosa |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=426–434 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19760625 |doi=10.1002/erv.962}}</ref>
** Cognitive behavioral therapy enhanched (CBT-E): the most widespread cognitive behavioral psychotherapy specific for eating disorders<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Atwood ME, Friedman A | title = A systematic review of enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-E) for eating disorders | journal = The International Journal of Eating Disorders | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–330 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31840285 | doi = 10.1002/eat.23206 | s2cid = 209384429}}</ref>
** [[Cognitive remediation therapy]] (CRT), a set of cognitive drills or compensatory interventions designed to enhance cognitive functioning.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wykes T, Brammer M, Mellers J, Bray P, Reeder C, Williams C, Corner J |title=Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: cognitive remediation therapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=181 |pages=144–152 |date=August 2002 |pmid=12151286 |doi=10.1192/bjp.181.2.144 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Cognitive Remediation Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa by Kate Tchanturia Publisher: Cambridge University Press; 1st edition (April 30, 2010) {{ISBN|0-521-74816-X}} {{ISBN|978-0-521-74816-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tchanturia K, Davies H, Campbell IC |title=Cognitive remediation therapy for patients with anorexia nervosa: preliminary findings |journal=Annals of General Psychiatry |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=14 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17550611 |pmc=1892017 |doi=10.1186/1744-859X-6-14 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cwojdzińska A, Markowska-Regulska K, Rybakowski F |title=[Cognitive remediation therapy in adolescent anorexia nervosa--case report] |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=115–124 |year=2009 |pmid=19694406}}</ref>
** Exposure and Response Prevention: a type of CBT; the gradual exposure to anxiety provoking situations in a safe environment, to learn how to deal with the uncomfortableness
* The Maudsley anorexia nervosa treatment for adults (MANTRA), which focuses on addressing rigid information processing styles, emotional avoidance, pro-anorectic beliefs, and difficulties with interpersonal relationships.<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt U, Wade TD, Treasure J |title=The Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA): Development, Key Features, and Preliminary Evidence |journal=Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=48–71 |date=2014 |pmid=32759130 |doi=10.1891/0889-8391.28.1.48 |s2cid=147089052}}</ref> These four targets of treatment are proposed to be core maintenance factors within the Cognitive-Interpersonal Maintenance Model of anorexia nervosa.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt U, Treasure J |title=Anorexia nervosa: valued and visible. A cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model and its implications for research and practice |journal=The British Journal of Clinical Psychology |volume=45 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=343–366 |date=September 2006 |pmid=17147101 |doi=10.1348/014466505X53902}}</ref>
* [[Dialectical behavior therapy]]<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Safer DL, Telch CF, Agras WS |s2cid=16651053 |title=Dialectical behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=632–634 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11282700 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.632}}</ref>
* [[Family therapy]]<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Eisler I, Dare C, Hodes M, Russell G, Dodge E, Le Grange D |title=Family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa: the results of a controlled comparison of two family interventions |journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=727–736 |date=September 2000 |pmid=11039685 |doi=10.1111/1469-7610.00660}}</ref> including "[[conjoint family therapy]]" (CFT), "separated family therapy" (SFT) and [[Maudsley Family Therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rhodes P, Brown J, Madden S |title=The Maudsley model of family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa: a qualitative evaluation of parent-to-parent consultation |journal=Journal of Marital and Family Therapy |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=181–192 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19302516 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00115.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wallis A, Rhodes P, Kohn M, Madden S |title=Five-years of family based treatment for anorexia nervosa: the Maudsley Model at the Children's Hospital at Westmead |journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=277–283 |year=2007 |pmid=17937144 |doi=10.1515/IJAMH.2007.19.3.277 |s2cid=46579451}}</ref>
* [[Behavioral therapy]]: focuses on gaining control and changing unwanted behaviors.<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gray JJ, Hoage CM |title=Bulimia nervosa: group behavior therapy with exposure plus response prevention |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=667–674 |date=April 1990 |pmid=1971954 |doi=10.2466/PR0.66.2.667-674}}</ref>
* [[Interpersonal psychotherapy]] (IPT)<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McIntosh VV, Bulik CM, McKenzie JM, Luty SE, Jordan J |title=Interpersonal psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa |journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=125–39 |date=March 2000 |pmid=10657886 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200003)27:2<125::AID-EAT1>3.0.CO;2-4}}</ref>
* [[Cognitive Emotional Behaviour Therapy]] (CEBT)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Corstorphine E |year=2006 |title=Cognitive Emotional Behavioural Therapy for the eating disorders; working with beliefs about emotions |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=448–461 |doi=10.1002/erv.747}}</ref>
* Nutrition counseling<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Latner JD, Wilson GT |title=Cognitive-behavioral therapy and nutritional counseling in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |date=September 2000 |pmid=15001063 |doi=10.1016/S1471-0153(00)00008-8 |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~jlatner/downloads/pubs/eating_behaviors2000.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.578.4563}}</ref> and [[Medical nutrition therapy]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Perelygina L, Patrusheva I, Manes N, Wildes MJ, Krug P, Hilliard JK |title=Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) in clinical samples |journal=Journal of Virological Methods |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=245–251 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12711069 |doi=10.1016/S0166-0934(03)00078-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Whisenant SL, Smith BA |title=Eating disorders: current nutrition therapy and perceived needs in dietetics education and research |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=1109–1112 |date=October 1995 |pmid=7560681 |doi=10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00301-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=American Dietetic Association |title=Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition intervention in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=106 |issue=12 |pages=2073–2082 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17186637 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.007}}</ref>
* [[Self-help]] and guided self-help have been shown to be helpful in AN, BN and BED;<ref name="trial" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Perkins SJ, Murphy R, Schmidt U, Williams C |s2cid=45718608 |title=Self-help and guided self-help for eating disorders |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=CD004191 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16856036 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004191.pub2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Carter JC, Olmsted MP, Kaplan AS, McCabe RE, Mills JS, Aimé A |title=Self-help for bulimia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=5 |pages=973–978 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12727703 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.973}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thiels C, Schmidt U, Treasure J, Garthe R |title=Four-year follow-up of guided self-change for bulimia nervosa |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=212–217 |date=September 2003 |pmid=14649785 |doi=10.1007/bf03325016 |s2cid=25197396}}</ref> this includes [[support groups]] and [[self-help groups]] such as Eating Disorders Anonymous and [[Overeaters Anonymous]].<ref name="Peterson2009">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterson CB, Mitchell JE, Crow SJ, Crosby RD, Wonderlich SA |title=The efficacy of self-help group treatment and therapist-led group treatment for binge eating disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=166 |issue=12 |pages=1347–1354 |date=December 2009 |pmid=19884223 |pmc=3041988 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030345}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Delinsky SS, Latner JD, Wilson GT |s2cid=1363953 |title=Binge eating and weight loss in a self-help behavior modification program |journal=Obesity |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=1244–1249 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16899805 |doi=10.1038/oby.2006.141 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Having meaninful relationships are often a way to recovery. Having a partner, friend or someone else close in your life may lead away from the way of problematic eating according to professor [[Cynthia M. Bulik]].<ref>Ätstört (2022), Swedish Public Service show, Part 3 44:20</ref>
* [[Psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic psychotherapy]]<ref name="Agras"/>
* [[Inpatient care]]

There are few studies on the cost-effectiveness of the various treatments.<ref name="Agras"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bulik CM, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN |s2cid=10238218 |title=Anorexia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials |journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=310–320 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17370290 |doi=10.1002/eat.20367}}</ref> Treatment can be expensive;<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Agras WS |title=The consequences and costs of the eating disorders |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=371–379 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11416936 |doi=10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70232-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Palmer RL, Birchall H, Damani S, Gatward N, McGrain L, Parker L |title=A dialectical behavior therapy program for people with an eating disorder and borderline personality disorder--description and outcome |journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=281–286 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12655624 |doi=10.1002/eat.10141}}</ref> due to limitations in health care coverage, people hospitalized with anorexia nervosa may be discharged while still underweight, resulting in relapse and rehospitalization.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baran SA, Weltzin TE, Kaye WH |title=Low discharge weight and outcome in anorexia nervosa |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=152 |issue=7 |pages=1070–1072 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7793445 |doi=10.1176/ajp.152.7.1070}}</ref> Research has found comorbidity between an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating) and OCD does not impact the length of the time patients spend in treatment,<ref name=":02" /> but can negatively impact treatment outcomes.<ref name=":24"/>

For children with anorexia, the only well-established treatment is the family treatment-behavior.<ref name="Lock">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lock J |title=An Update on Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents |journal=Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=707–721 |date=2015 |pmid=25580937 |doi=10.1080/15374416.2014.971458 |s2cid=205875161}}</ref> For other eating disorders in children, however, there is no well-established treatments, though family treatment-behavior has been used in treating bulimia.<ref name=Lock />

A 2019 Cochrane review examined studies comparing the effectiveness of inpatient versus outpatient models of care for eating disorders. Four trials including 511 participants were studied but the review was unable to draw any definitive conclusions as to the superiority of one model over another.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hay PJ, Touyz S, Claudino AM, Lujic S, Smith CA, Madden S |title=Inpatient versus outpatient care, partial hospitalisation and waiting list for people with eating disorders |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |pages=CD010827 |date=January 2019 |issue=1 |pmid=30663033 |pmc=6353082 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010827.pub2}}</ref>

===Barriers to treatment===

A variety of barriers to eating disorder treatment have been identified, typically grouped into individual and systemic barriers. Individual barriers include shame, fear of stigma, cultural perceptions, minimizing the seriousness of the problem, unfamiliarity with mental health services, and a lack of trust in mental health professionals.<ref name=":18">Cachelin, F. M., Rebeck, R., Veisel, C., & Striegel‐Moore, R. H. (2001). Barriers to treatment for eating disorders among ethnically diverse women. ''International Journal of Eating Disorders'', ''30(''3), 269–278. {{doi|10.1002/eat.1084}}</ref> Systemic barriers include language differences, financial limitations, lack of insurance coverage, inaccessible health care facilities, time conflicts, long waits, lack of transportation, and lack of child care.<ref name=":18" />  These barriers may be particularly exacerbated for those who identify outside of the skinny, white, affluent girl stereotype that dominates in the field of eating disorders,<ref>Sonneville, K. R., & Lipson, S. K. (2018). Disparities in eating disorder diagnosis and treatment according to weight status, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic background, and sex among college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(6), 518-526. 10.1002/eat.22846</ref> such that those who do not identify with this stereotype are much less likely to seek treatment.<ref name=":18" />

Conditions during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] may increase the difficulties experienced by those with eating disorders, and the risk that otherwise healthy individuals may develop eating disorders. The pandemic has been a stressful life event for everyone, increasing anxiety and isolation, disrupting normal routines, creating economic strain and food insecurity, and making it more difficult and stressful to obtain needed resources including food and medical treatment.<ref name="Weissman">{{cite journal | vauthors = Weissman RS, Bauer S, Thomas JJ | title = Access to evidence-based care for eating disorders during the COVID-19 crisis | journal = The International Journal of Eating Disorders | volume = 53 | issue = 5 | pages = 369–376 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32338400 | pmc = 7267278 | doi = 10.1002/eat.23279}}</ref><ref name="Powell">{{cite journal | vauthors = Powell K  |title=Searching for a better treatment for eating disorders |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=16 December 2021 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1146/knowable-121621-1 |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2021/searching-better-treatment-eating-disorders |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Miniati">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miniati M, Marzetti F, Palagini L, Marazziti D, Orrù G, Conversano C, Gemignani A | title = Eating Disorders Spectrum During the COVID Pandemic: A Systematic Review | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 12 | pages = 663376 | date = 2021 | pmid = 34658992 | pmc = 8511307 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663376 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Mostafavi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mostafavi B |title=Study: Hospitalizations for eating disorders spike among adolescents during COVID |journal=University of Michigan |date=July 7, 2021 |url=https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/rounds/study-hospitalizations-for-eating-disorders-spike-among-adolescents-during-covid |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>
The [[COVID-19 pandemic in England]] exposed a dramatic rise in demand for eating disorder services which the [[English NHS]] struggled to meet. The [[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] and [[NHS England]] both advised that services should not impose thresholds using body mass index or duration of illness to determine whether treatment for eating disorders should be offered, but there were continuing reports that these recommendations were not followed.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Thomas R  |date=13 April 2021 |title=Mental Health Matters: Celebrity death among cascade of concern over eating disorders |url=https://www.hsj.co.uk/mental-health-matters-celebrity-death-among-cascade-of-concern-over-eating-disorders/7029878.article |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Health Service Journal}}</ref>

In terms of access to treatment, therapy sessions have generally switched from in-person to video calls. This may actually help people who previously had difficulty finding a therapist with experience in treating eating disorders, for example, those who live in rural areas.
Studies suggest that virtual (telehealth) CBT can be as effective as face-to-face CBT for bulimia and other mental illnesses.<ref name="Powell"/><ref name="Agras"/> To help patients cope with conditions during the pandemic, therapists may have to particularly emphasize strategies to create structure where little is present, build interpersonal connections, and identify and avoid triggers.<ref name="Powell"/>

===Medication===
[[Orlistat]] is used in obesity treatment. [[Olanzapine]] seems to promote weight gain as well as the ability to ameliorate obsessional behaviors concerning weight gain. [[zinc]] supplements have been shown to be helpful, and [[cortisol]] is also being investigated.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casper RC |title=How useful are pharmacological treatments in eating disorders? |journal=Psychopharmacology Bulletin |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=88–104 |year=2002 |pmid=12397843}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldberg SC, Halmi KA, Eckert ED, Casper RC, Davis JM |title=Cyproheptadine in anorexia nervosa |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=134 |pages=67–70 |date=January 1979 |pmid=367480 |doi=10.1192/bjp.134.1.67 |s2cid=34037162}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Walsh BT, Wilson GT, Loeb KL, Devlin MJ, Pike KM, Roose SP, Fleiss J, Waternaux C |title=Medication and psychotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=523–31 |date=April 1997 |pmid=9090340 |doi=10.1176/ajp.154.4.523}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marrazzi MA, Markham KM, Kinzie J, Luby ED |title=Binge eating disorder: response to naltrexone |journal=International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=143–5 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7735342}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vandereycken W, Pierloot R |title=Pimozide combined with behavior therapy in the short-term treatment of anorexia nervosa. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=445–50 |date=December 1982 |pmid=6758492 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb04501.x |s2cid=24384947}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Birmingham CL, Gritzner S |title=How does zinc supplementation benefit anorexia nervosa? |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e109-11 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17272939 |doi=10.1007/BF03327573 |s2cid=32958871}}</ref>

Two pharmaceuticals, Prozac<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treating bulimia nervosa |website=Harvard Health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Treating-bulimia-nervosa |access-date=2020-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902111941/https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/Treating-bulimia-nervosa}}</ref> and Vyvanse,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerdjikova AI, Mori N, Casuto LS, McElroy SL |title=Novel pharmacologic treatment in acute binge eating disorder - role of lisdexamfetamine |journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment |volume=12 |pages=833–41 |date=2016-04-18 |pmid=27143885 |pmc=4841437 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S80881 |doi-access=free}}</ref> have been approved by the FDA to treat bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder, respectively. Olanzapine has also been used off-label to treat anorexia nervosa.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Spettigue W |title=How much do we really know about the effectiveness of olanzapine use in patients with anorexia nervosa? |url=http://www.jneuropsychiatry.org/peer-review/how-much-do-we-really-know-about-the-effectiveness-of-olanzapine-use-in-patients-with-anorexia-nervosa-neuropsychiatry.pdf}}</ref> Studies are also underway to explore psychedelic and psychedelic-adjacent medicines such as MDMA, psilocybin and ketamine for anorexia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Hampton J |date=2020-08-19 |title=What Psychedelics Could Mean for Eating Disorders |url=https://www.lucid.news/eating-disorders-psychedelic-therapy/ |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=Lucid News}}</ref>