Editing Duke (section)

===Indonesia===
The Javanese kingdom of [[Majapahit]], which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into ''nagara'' (provinces). The administration of these ''nagara'' was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of ''Bhre''—i.e., ''Bhra I'', "lord of" (the word ''bhra'' being akin to the [[Thai language|Thai]] ''[[Thai nobility|Phra]]''), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example, a sister of the king [[Hayam Wuruk]] ({{reign}} 1350–1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of [[Lasem]]". This system was similar to the [[Apanage]] system in Western Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Sultan Agung]], king of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] in [[Central Java]] ({{reign}} 1613–1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of ''Adipati'', this title is hereditary. Such territories were called ''Kadipaten''. Prior to the unification of Java by Sultan Agung, independent ''kadipaten''s also exist, e.g. the [[Duchy of Surabaya]] which was [[Mataram conquest of Surabaya|conquered]] by Agung in 1625.

The [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] (Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure. ''Adipati'' were called "''[[regent]]en''" in Dutch,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} and the territories they administered, "''[[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regentschappen]]''".

In the 19th century, the Javanese term for 'regent' was ''bupati''. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions ''bapati''.<ref>Grégoire Louis Domeny de Rienzi, ''Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde : revue géographique et ethnographique de la Malaisie, de la Micronésie, de la Polynésie et de la Mélanésie, ainsi que ses nouvelles classifications et divisions de ces contrées'', Firmin Didot Frères, Paris, 1834</ref>

The ''bupati'' have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a ''[[Regency (Indonesia)|kabupaten]]'', the subdivision of a ''[[provinces of Indonesia|provinsi]]'' or province.

The word ''Adipati'' is still found in the official title of the hereditary dukes [[Mangkunegaran Palace|Mangkunegara]] of [[Surakarta]] and [[Pakualaman|Paku Alam]] of [[Yogyakarta]]—i.e., ''Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya'' (shortened into KGPAA).