Editing Demographics of Mexico (section)

====1921 census====
[[Image:Pancho Villa, el presidente provisional Eulalio Gutiérrez y Emiliano Zapata1.jpg|thumb|[[Eulalio Gutiérrez]] (1881–1939), flanked by [[Pancho Villa|Francisco "Pancho" Villa]] (1878–1923) and [[Emiliano Zapata]] (1879–1919). Gutiérrez was appointed provisional President of Mexico by the [[Convention of Aguascalientes]], a move that [[Venustiano Carranza]] (1859–1920) found intolerable. In the ensuing war, Obregón fought for Carranza against the convention.]]
Made right after the consummation of the Mexican revolution, the social context in which this census was conducted makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking to unite all Mexicans in a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous, and only 9.8% as White, were then essential in cementing the ''mestizaje'' ideology (which asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races), which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remains prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as ''[[The World Factbook]]'' using the 1921 census as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day.<ref name="Factbook"/>

Nonetheless, in recent times, the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are impossible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010154747/http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/ "El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa"] ''Istmo'', Mexico. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</ref> It is claimed that the ''mestizaje'' process sponsored by the state was more "cultural than biological", which resulted in the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races.<ref>[http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 "Más desindianización que mestizaje. Una relectura de los censos generales de población"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731145159/http://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401 |date=July 31, 2017 }} ''[[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|INAH]]'', Mexico. Retrieved July 25, 2017.</ref> Controversies aside, this census constituted the last time the [[Mexican Government]] conducted a comprehensive racial census with the breakdown by states being the following (foreigners and people who answered "other" not included):<ref>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_Serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/1921/EUM/RCGH21I.pdf DEPARTAMENTO DE LA ESTADISTICA NACIONAL] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060335/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_Serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/1921/EUM/RCGH21I.pdf |date=March 4, 2016 }} CENSO GENERAL DE HABITANTES 1921 Census (Page: 62)</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"
|-
!Federative Units
!Mestizo Population (%)
!Amerindian Population (%)
!White Population (%)
|-
|align="left"| [[Aguascalientes]]
| 66.12%
| 16.70%
| 16.77%
|-
|align="left"| [[Baja California Norte|Baja California<br />(Distrito Norte)]]
| 72.50%
| 07.72%
| 00.35%
|-
|align="left"| [[Baja California Sur|Baja California<br />(Distrito Sur)]]
| 59.61%
| 06.06%
| 33.40%
|-
|align="left"| [[Campeche]]
| 41.45%
| 43.41%
| 14.17%
|-
|align="left"| [[Coahuila]]
| 77.88%
| 11.38%
| 10.13%
|-
|align="left"| [[Colima]]
| 68.54%
| 26.00%
| 04.50%
|-
|align="left"| [[Chiapas]]
| 36.27%
| 47.64%
| 11.82%
|-
|align="left"| [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]
| 50.09%
| 12.76%
| 36.33%
|-
|align="left"| [[Durango]]
| 89.85%
| 09.99%
| 00.01%
|-
|align="left"| [[Guanajuato]]
| 96.33%
| 02.96%
| 00.54%
|-
|align="left"| [[Guerrero]]
| 54.05%
| 43.84%
| 02.07%
|-
|align="left"| [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]
| 51.47%
| 39.49%
| 08.83%
|-
|align="left"| [[Jalisco]]
| 75.83%
| 16.76%
| 07.31%
|-
|align="left"| [[Mexico City]]
| 54.78%
| 18.75%
| 22.79%
|-
|align="left"| [[State of Mexico]]
| 47.71%
| 42.13%
| 10.02%
|-
|align="left"| [[Michoacán]]
| 70.95%
| 21.04%
| 06.94%
|-
|align="left"| [[Morelos]]
| 61.24%
| 34.93%
| 03.59%
|-
|align="left"| [[Nayarit]]
| 73.45%
| 20.38%
| 05.83%
|-
|align="left"| [[Nuevo León]]
| 75.47%
| 05.14%
| 19.23%
|-
|align="left"| [[Oaxaca]]
| 28.15%
| 69.17%
| 01.43%
|-
|align="left"| [[Puebla]]
| 39.34%
| 54.73%
| 05.66%
|-
|align="left"| [[Querétaro]]
| 80.15%
| 19.40%
| 00.30%
|-
|align="left"| [[Quintana Roo]]
| 42.35%
| 20.59%
| 15.16%
|-
|align="left"| [[San Luis Potosí]]
| 61.88%
| 30.60%
| 05.41%
|-
|align="left"| [[Sinaloa]]
| 98.30%
| 00.93%
| 00.19%
|-
|align="left"| [[Sonora]]
| 41.04%
| 14.00%
| 42.54%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tabasco]]
| 53.67%
| 18.50%
| 27.56%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tamaulipas]]
| 69.77%
| 13.89%
| 13.62%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tlaxcala]]
| 42.44%
| 54.70%
| 02.53%
|-
|align="left"| [[Veracruz]]
| 50.09%
| 36.60%
| 10.28%
|-
|align="left"| [[Yucatán]]
| 33.83%
| 43.31%
| 21.85%
|-
|align="left"| [[Zacatecas]]
| 86.10%
| 08.54%
| 05.26%
|}

When the 1921 census' results are compared with the results of Mexico's recent censuses<ref name="beta.inegi.org.mx"/> as well as with modern genetic research,<ref>[http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/matemticas-del-planeta-tierra-585/el-impacto-del-mestizaje-en-mxico-11442 "El impacto del mestizaje en México"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622040134/http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/matemticas-del-planeta-tierra-585/el-impacto-del-mestizaje-en-mxico-11442 |date=June 22, 2017 }}, "Investigación y Ciencia", Spain, October 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2017.</ref> there is high consistency with respect to the distribution of Indigenous Mexicans across the country, with states located in south and south-eastern Mexico having both the highest percentages of population who self-identify as Indigenous and the highest percentages of Amerindian genetic ancestry. However, this is not the case when it comes to European Mexicans, as there are instances in which states that have been shown through scientific research to have a considerably high European ancestry are reported to have very small white populations in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the state of Durango, where the aforementioned census asserts that only 0.01% of the state's population (33 persons) self-identified as "white" while modern scientific research shows that the population of Durango has similar genetic frequencies to those found on [[Ethnic groups of Europe|European peoples]] (with the state's Indigenous population showing almost no foreign admixture either).<ref name="Wiley">{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0091270006287586 | pmid=16638736 | volume=46 | issue=5 | title=CYP2D6Genotype and Phenotype in Amerindians of Tepehuano Origin and Mestizos of Durango, Mexico | year=2006 | journal=The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | pages=527–536 | last1 = Sosa-Macías | first1 = Martha| s2cid=41443294 }}</ref> Various authors theorize that the reason for these inconsistencies may lie in the Mestizo identity promoted by the Mexican government, which reportedly led to people who are not biologically Mestizos to be classified as such.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005"/><ref>[http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html El mestizaje y las culturas regionales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |date=August 23, 2013 }}.</ref>