Editing Corfu (section)

==Archaeology==
===Palaiopolis===
In the city of Corfu, the ruins of the ancient city of Korkyra, also known as ''Palaiopolis'', include ancient temples which were excavated at the location of the palace of Mon Repos, which was built on the ruins of the Palaiopolis. The temples are: [[Kardaki Temple]], [[Temple of Artemis, Corfu|Temple of Artemis]], and the [[Temple of Hera, Mon Repos|Temple of Hera]]. Hera's temple is situated at the western limits of Mon Repos, close to [[Kardaki Temple]] and to the northwest.<ref name="JSTOR2">{{cite journal |author1=Sapirstein |first=Philip |date=1 January 2012 |title=The Monumental Archaic Roof of the Temple of Hera at Mon Repos, Corfu |journal=[[Hesperia (journal)|Hesperia]] |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=31–91 |doi=10.2972/hesperia.81.1.0031 |jstor=10.2972/hesperia.81.1.0031 |s2cid=193469029}}</ref> It is approximately 700 m. to the southeast of the [[Temple of Artemis, Corfu|Temple of Artemis in Corfu]].<ref name="JSTOR2"/> Hera's Temple was built at the top of Analipsis Hill, and, because of its prominent location, it was highly visible to ships passing close to the waterfront of ancient [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]].<ref name="JSTOR2"/>

===Kardaki Temple===
{{main|Kardaki Temple}}
[[File:Temple at Kardaki in Corfu.jpg|thumb|[[Kardaki Temple]]]]

Kardaki Temple is an [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] [[Doric order|Doric]] [[Greek temple|temple]] in Corfu, [[Greece]], built around 500 BC in the ancient city of [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]] (or Corcyra), in what is known today as the location Kardaki in the hill of Analipsi in Corfu.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal |author1=Franklin P. Johnson |title=The Kardaki Temple |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=January 1936 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=46–54 |doi=10.2307/498298 |quote=This is the only Greek Doric building that is known to have had no frieze. |jstor=498298 |s2cid=191378100}}{{subscription required}}</ref> The temple features several architectural peculiarities that point to a Doric origin.<ref name="Johnson"/><ref name="DinsmoorAnderson1973">{{cite book |author1=William Bell Dinsmoor |author2=William James Anderson |title=The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqahvzeE39YC&pg=PA92 |year=1973 |publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers |isbn=978-0-8196-0283-1 |page=92}}</ref> The temple at Kardaki is unusual because it has no [[frieze]], following perhaps architectural tendencies of Sicilian temples.<ref name=Acta>{{cite book |title=Acta Ad Archaeologiam Et Artium Historiam Pertinentia: 4o |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VflAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher="L'Erma" di Bretschneider |page=47 |quote=In this respect it is surpassed only by the perhaps slightly later temple at Kardaki on Corfu (*), where the frieze was completely omitted. This is nothing but the logical consequence of the tendencies from the early Sicilian temples, where the ties...}}</ref>

It is considered to be the only Greek temple of Doric architecture that does not have a frieze.<ref name="Johnson"/> The spacing of the temple columns has been described as "abnormally wide".<ref name="RobertsonS.1969">{{cite book |author1=Robertson |first=D. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/greekromanarchit0000robe |title=Greek and Roman Architecture |date=May 1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-09452-8 |edition=2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekromanarchit0000robe/page/326 326] |author-link=Donald Struan Robertson |url-access=registration}}</ref> The temple also lacked both [[porch]] and [[adyton]], and the lack of a triglyph and [[metope]] frieze may be indicative of [[Ionians|Ionian]] influence.<ref name="Campbell2007">{{cite book |author=Campbell |first=Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ur3pAAAAMAAJ |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-530082-6 |page=311 |quote=A second temple, at Kardaki on the east side of Corfu town, was also Doric but had 6 by 12 columns, and its cella had neither false porch nor adyton. The columns are widely spaced, and the unusual absence of a triglyph and metope frieze may be explained by the influence of Ionic forms.}}</ref> The temple at Kardaki is considered an important and to a certain degree mysterious topic on the subject of early [[ancient Greek architecture]]. Its association with the worship of [[Apollo]] or [[Poseidon]] has not been established.

===Temple of Artemis===
{{main|Temple of Artemis, Corfu}}
[[File:West Pediment from the Temple of Artemis in Corfu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The full pediment of the temple of Artemis]]

The Temple of Artemis is an [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] [[Greek temple]] in Corfu, built in around 580 BC in the ancient city of [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]] (or Corcyra), in what is known today as the suburb of Garitsa. The temple was dedicated to [[Artemis]]. It is known as the first [[Doric order|Doric]] temple exclusively built with [[limestone|stone]].<ref name="Darling"/> It is also considered the first building to have incorporated all of the elements of the [[Doric order|Doric architectural style]].<ref name=Excerpt>{{harvnb|Cruickshank|2000|p=18}}: "The island of Corfu, to the northwest of present-day Greece, off the coast of Albania, was an early colony of the city of Corinth and was under Corinthian control when its Temple of Artemis was constructed. A milestone in Greek architecture, this was the first building that was truly Doric. Many if not all of its Doric characteristics had appeared in earlier structures but here they were used for the first time as an ensemble."</ref> Very few Greek temple [[relief]]s from the Archaic period have survived, and the large fragments of the group from the [[pediment]] are the earliest significant survivals.

The temple was a [[peripteral]]–styled building with a [[pseudodipteral]] configuration. Its perimeter was rectangular, with width of {{cvt|23.46|m}} and length {{cvt|49|m}} with an eastward orientation so that light could enter the interior of the temple at sunrise.<ref name="Darling"/> It was one of the largest temples of its time.<ref name="Ancient Cities">{{harvnb|Gates|2003|pp=211–213}}.</ref>

The [[Metope (architecture)|metope]] of the temple was probably decorated, since remnants of reliefs featuring [[Achilles]] and [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]] were found in the ancient ruins.<ref name="Darling">{{harvnb|Darling|2004|pp=184–186}}.</ref> The temple has been described as a milestone of [[Ancient Greek architecture]] and one of 150 [[masterpiece]]s of [[Western world|Western]] [[architecture]].<ref name=Excerpt/> The Corfu temple architecture may have influenced the design of an archaic [[sanctuary]] structure found at the [[Sant'Omobono Area|Sant'Omobono archaeological site]] in [[Rome]], dating from the time of the [[Etruscans]], which incorporates similar design elements.<ref name="A Companion to Archaic Greece">{{harvnb|Houby-Nielsen|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=w6ZONBz1DKkC&pg=PA203 203]}}.</ref> If still in use by the 4th-century, the temple would have been closed during the [[persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire]], when the Christian Emperors issued edicts prohibiting non-Christian worship. [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]], while vacationing at his summer palace of Achilleion in Corfu and while Europe was preparing for war, was involved in excavations at the site of the ancient temple.

===Temple of Hera===
{{main|Temple of Hera, Mon Repos}}
[[File:20140418 corfu179.JPG|thumb|The ruins of the [[Temple of Hera, Mon Repos|Heraion]] in Palaiopolis]]

The Temple of Hera or Heraion is an [[Archaic Greece|archaic]] [[Greek temple|temple]] in Corfu, built around 610 BC in the ancient city of [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]] (or Corcyra), in what is known today as ''Palaiopolis'', and lies within the ground of the [[Mon Repos, Corfu|Mon Repos]] estate.<ref name="Miles2016">{{cite book |author=Margaret M. Miles |title=A Companion to Greek Architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvAGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |date=8 August 2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-3599-6 |page=169}}</ref><ref name="MarconiMarconi2007">{{cite book |author1=Marconi |first=Clemente |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THqZQfOzOysC&pg=PA219 |title=Temple Decoration and Cultural Identity in the Archaic Greek World: The Metopes of Selinus |date=5 February 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85797-0 |page=219}}</ref><ref name="JSTOR2"/> The sanctuary of Hera at Mon Repos is considered a major temple, and one of the earliest examples of [[Ancient Greek architecture|archaic Greek architecture]].<ref name="JSTOR2"/>

Large [[terracotta]] figures such as lions, [[gorgoneion]]s, and [[Daidala]] maidens, created and painted in vivid colour by [[artisan]]s, who were inspired by [[myth]] traditions across the [[Mediterranean]], decorated the roof of the temple, making it one of the most intricately adorned temples of [[Archaic Greece]] and the most ambitious roof construction project of its time.<ref name="JSTOR2"/> Built at the top of Analipsis Hill, Hera's sanctuary was highly visible to ships approaching the waterfront of the ancient city of [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]].<ref name="JSTOR2"/>

The ''Digital Archaic Heraion Project at Mon Repos'' is a project that has undertaken the task of [[digitising]] the architectural fragments found at the Corfu Heraion with the aim to reconstruct in 3D the Temple at Palaiopolis in [[virtual space]].<ref name="mediterraneoantiguo">{{cite web |title=Philip Sapirstein: "el templo de Hera fue construido originalmente con la columnata de piedra" |url=https://mediterraneoantiguo.com/2016/09/16/philip-sapirstein-the-hera-temple-was-originally-constructed-with-the-stone-colonnade/ |website=mediterraneoantiguo.com |date=16 September 2016}}</ref>

===Tomb of Menecrates===
{{main|Tomb of Menecrates}}
[[File:Tomb of Menekrates in Corfu.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Menecrates]]]]
[[File:Lion of Menecrates at the Corfu Museum (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Lion of Menecrates, found near the tomb and thought to belong to the cenotaph]]

The Tomb of Menecrates or Monument of Menecrates is an [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] [[cenotaph]] in Corfu, built around 600 BC in the ancient city of [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]] (or Corcyra).<ref name="Gardner1896">{{cite book |author=Gardner |first=Percy |url=https://archive.org/details/sculpturedtombso00garduoft |title=Sculptured Tombs of Hellas |publisher=Macmillan and Company, Limited |year=1896 |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/sculpturedtombso00garduoft/page/200 200] |author-link=Percy Gardner}}</ref><ref name="Lorenzo2018">{{cite book |author=Luca Di Lorenzo |title=Corfù - La guida di isole-greche.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2BaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626214809/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2BaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2019 |date=9 May 2018 |publisher=Luca Di Lorenzo |isbn=978-88-283-2151-4 |page=205}}</ref> The tomb and the funerary sculpture of a lion were discovered in 1843 during demolition works by the [[British Army]] who were demolishing a Venetian fortress in the location of Garitsa hill in Corfu.<ref name="AMC">{{cite web |title=Funerary Archaic Lion |url=http://amcorfu.gr/en-us/Exhibits/-Lion-of-Menecrates |website=Archaeological Museum of Corfu |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514034643/http://amcorfu.gr/en-us/Exhibits/-Lion-of-Menecrates |url-status=dead}}</ref> The tomb is dated to the 6th century BC.<ref name="AMC"/>

The lion is dated at the end of the 7th century BC and it is one of the earliest funerary lions ever found.<ref name="AMC"/> The tomb and the lion were found in an area which was part of the [[necropolis]] of ancient Korkyra, which was discovered by the British army at the time.<ref name="AMC"/> According to an [[Ancient Greek]] inscription found on the grave, the tomb was a monument built by the ancient Korkyreans in honour of their [[proxenos]] (ambassador) Menecrates, son of Tlasios, from Oeiantheia. Menecrates was the ambassador of ancient [[Korkyra (polis)|Korkyra]] to Oeiantheia, modern day [[Galaxidi]] or [[Ozolian Locris]],<ref name="FisherWees1998">{{cite book |author1=Nick Fisher |author2=Hans van Wees |title=Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fARPDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |date=31 December 1998 |publisher=Classical Press of Wales |isbn=978-1-910589-58-8 |page=41}}</ref><ref name="Bazin1976">{{cite book |author=Germain Bazin |title=The History of World Sculpture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xl0kAQAAMAAJ&q=Tomb+of+Menekrates |year=1976 |publisher=Chartwell Books |page=127 |isbn=9780890090893 |quote=This lion was found near the tomb of Menekrates in the necropolis of ancient Kerkyra (modern Corfu). Menekrates was a Lokrian, the proxenos of the people of Kerkyra, according to a metric inscription on the grave monument.}}</ref> and he was lost at sea. In the inscription it is also mentioned that the brother of Menecrates, Praximenes, had arrived from Oeiantheia to assist the people of Korkyra in building the monument to his brother.<ref name="Odysseus">{{cite web |title=Το μνημείο του Μενεκράτη |url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/gh251.jsp?obj_id=5614 |website=Odysseus |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105200004/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/gh251.jsp?obj_id=5614 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gardner1896"/>

===Other archaeological sites===
In [[Kassiopi|Cassiope]], the only other city of ancient importance, its name is still preserved by the village of Kassiopi, and there are some rude remains of building on the site; but the temple of [[Zeus]] Cassius for which it was celebrated has totally disappeared.