Editing British Army (section)

==Reserve forces==
{{main|Army Reserve (United Kingdom)}}
The oldest of the Reserve Forces was the [[Militia (Great Britain)|Militia Force]] (also referred to as the ''Constitutional Force''),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Militia Bill. (Hansard, 23 April 1852) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1852/apr/23/militia-bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929100825/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1852/apr/23/militia-bill |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1855/may/04/the-militia|date=4 May 1855|title=THE MILITIA.  |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1856/jul/11/the-militia-question|date=11 July 1856|title=The Militia-Question |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1878/jun/13/army-auxiliary-forces-the-militia|date=13 June 1878|title=Army—Auxiliary Forces—The Militia.—Observations  |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref> which (in the [[Kingdom of England]], prior to 1707) was originally the main military defensive force (until the 1645 creation of the [[New Model Army]], there otherwise were originally only Royal bodyguards, including the [[Yeomen Warders]] and the [[Yeomen of the Guard]], with armies raised only temporarily for expeditions overseas), made up of civilians embodied for annual training or emergencies, which had used various schemes of compulsory service during different periods of its long existence. From the 1850s it recruited volunteers who engaged for terms of service. The Militia was originally an all-infantry force, though [[Militia Artillery units of the United Kingdom and Colonies|Militia coastal artillery]], field artillery, and engineers units were introduced from the 1850s.<ref name=autogenerated1>''The Militia Artillery 1852–1909'', by Norman EH Litchfield. The Sherwood Press (Nottingham) Ltd. 1987</ref>

[[Volunteer Force]] units were also frequently raised during wartime and disbanded upon peace. This was re-established as a permanent (i.e., in war and peace) part of the Reserve Forces in 1859. It differed from the Militia in a number of ways, most particularly in that volunteers did not commit to a term service, and were able to resign with fourteen days notice (except while embodied). As volunteer soldiers were originally expected to fund the cost of their own equipment, few tended to come from the labouring class among whom the Militia primarily recruited.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/civilian-soldiers |title=Civilian soldiers |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=National Army Museum |access-date=9 September 2021 |quote=Troop shortages and patriotic zest during the imperial crises and expansion of the British Empire in the second half of the 19th century prompted the creation of other volunteer and yeomanry units, such as the Volunteer Force, with a far less distinct role, as well as the permanent embodiment of the militia in vulnerable British towns.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The British Volunteer System |journal=The North American Review|author=Rt. Hon Earl Brownlow|author-link=Adelbert Brownlow-Cust, 3rd Earl Brownlow|page=745 |date=1 May 1900}}</ref>

The [[Yeomanry|Yeomanry Force]] was made up of mounted units, organised similarly to the Volunteer Force, first raised during the two decades of war with France that followed the French Revolution. As with the Volunteers, members of the Yeomanry were expected to foot much of the cost of their own equipment, including their horses, and the make-up of the units tended to be from more affluent classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/civilian-soldiers |title=Civilian soldiers |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=National Army Museum |access-date=9 September 2021 |quote=The yeomanry, a mounted force drawn from the upper classes, was created at the peak of the fear of French invasion and used extensively in support of the civil authority to put down riots and disturbances.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1903/may/26/an-imperial-yeomanry-reserve|date=26 May 1903|title=An Imperial Yeomanry Reserve  |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref>

Although Militia regiments were linked with British Army regiments during the course of the Napoleonic Wars to feed volunteers for service abroad into the regular army, and volunteers from the Reserve Forces served abroad either individually or in contingents, service companies, or battalions in a succession of conflicts from the [[Crimean War]] to the [[Second Boer War]], personnel did not normally move between forces unless re-attested as a member of the new force, and units did not normally move from the Reserve Forces to become part of the Regular Forces, or vice versa. There were exceptions, however, as with the ''New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry'', raised in 1803, which became the [[104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot]] when it was transferred to the British Army on 13 September 1810.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grodzinski |first1=John R. |title=The 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot in the War of 1812 |date=2014 |publisher=Goose Lane Editions |isbn=9780864924476 |language=en}}</ref>

Another type of reserve force was created during the period between the French Revolution and the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Called [[Fencibles]], these were disbanded after the Napoleonic Wars and not raised again, although the [[Royal Malta Fencible Regiment]], later the ''Royal Malta Fencible Artillery'', existed from 1815 until the 1880s when it became the [[Royal Malta Artillery]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Malta Fencible Regiment (1815–1861) |website=Armed Forces of Malta |date=2020 |url=https://afm.gov.mt/en/oldpages/fencibleregiment/Pages/Royal-Malta-Fencible-Regiment.aspx |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507170302/https://afm.gov.mt/en/oldpages/fencibleregiment/Pages/Royal-Malta-Fencible-Regiment.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Royal New Zealand Fencible Corps]] was formed in 1846.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cowan |first=James |year=1955  |chapter-url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow01NewZ-b1-1-14.html |chapter=The Royal New Zealand Fencibles |title=The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period |volume=I: 1845–1864 |series=New Zealand Wars (1845–1872) |publisher=R. E. Owen |location=Wellington}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=NZDSI |year=2003 |url=http://www.nzfenciblesociety.org.nz/ |title=Who Were The Fencibles? |publisher=New Zealand Fencible Society Incorporated |access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

The Reserve Forces were raised locally (in Britain, under the control of [[Lord-Lieutenant|Lords-Lieutenant]] of counties, and, in [[British Overseas Territories|British colonies]], under the [[Governor#United Kingdom overseas territories|colonial governors]], and members originally were obliged to serve only within their locality (which, in the United Kingdom, originally meant within the county or other recruitment area, but was extended to anywhere in Britain, though not overseas). They have consequently also been referred to as ''Local Forces''. As they were (and in some cases ''are'') considered separate forces from the British Army, though still within the British military, they have also been known as ''Auxiliary Forces''. The Militia and Volunteer units of a colony were generally considered to be separate forces from the ''Home'' Militia Force and Volunteer Force in the United Kingdom, and from the Militia Forces and Volunteer Forces of other colonies. Where a colony had more than one Militia or Volunteer unit, they would be grouped as a Militia or Volunteer Force for that colony, such as the Jamaica Volunteer Defence Force. Officers of the Reserve Forces could not sit on Courts Martial of regular forces personnel. The [[Mutiny Act]] did not apply to members of the Reserve Forces. The ''Reserve Forces'' within the British Isles were increasingly integrated with the British Army through a succession of reforms (beginning with the [[Cardwell Reforms]]) of the British military forces over the last two decades of the Nineteenth Century and the early years of the Twentieth Century, whereby the Reserve Forces units mostly lost their own identities and became numbered Militia or Volunteer battalions of regular British Army corps or regiments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1895/mar/15/the-army-estimates|date=15 March 1895|title=The Army Estimates   |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref>

In 1908, the Yeomanry and Volunteer Force were merged to create the [[Territorial Force]] (changed to ''Territorial Army'' after the First World War), with terms of service similar to the army and Militia, and the Militia was renamed the ''Special Reserve'',<ref>''HART'S ANNUAL ARMY LIST, SPECIAL RESERVE LIST, AND TERRITORIAL FORCE LIST, FOR 1911: (BEING THE SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL VOLUME,) CONTAINING DATES OF COMMISSIONS, AND A SUMMARY OF THE WAR SERVICES OF NEARLY EVERY OFFICER IN THE ARMY, SUPPLY &c. DEPARTMENTS, MARINES, AND INDIAN ARMY, AND INDIAN LOCAL FORCES. WITH AN INDEX.'' BY THE LATE LIEUTENANT GENERAL H. G. HART. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON. 1911</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1908/feb/18/the-territorial-forces-act-the-militia|date=18 February 1908|title=THE TERRITORIAL FORCES ACT—THE MILITIA.  |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1913/apr/09/british-army-home-and-colonial-military|date=9 April 1913|title=BRITISH ARMY.—HOME AND COLONIAL MILITARY FORCES.  |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref> After the First World War the Special Reserve was renamed the Militia, again, but permanently suspended (although a handful of Militia units survived in the United Kingdom, its colonies, and the Crown Dependencies). Although the Territorial Force was nominally still a separate force from the British Army, by the end of the century, at the latest, any unit wholly or partly funded from Army Funds was considered part of the British Army. Outside the United Kingdom-proper, this was generally only the case for those units in the [[Channel Islands]] or the [[Imperial fortress]] colonies ([[Nova Scotia]], before [[Canadian confederation]]; [[Bermuda]]; [[Gibraltar]]; and [[Malta]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/bermuda/|title=The National Archives – Homepage|first=The National|last=Archives|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617014624/https://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/bermuda/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''The Quarterly Army List''  Part I, January 1945. Order of Precedence of the British Army. Page xiii. His Majesty's Stationery Office</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1899/mar/17/army-estimates-1899-1900#division_48|date=17 March 1899|title=Army Estimates, 1899–1900  |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref>

The [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]], [[Bermuda Militia Infantry]], [[Bermuda Volunteer Engineers]], and the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]],<ref>''History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army'', by Colonel KW Maurice-Jones, DSO, RA. Royal Artillery Institution. 1959</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 /> by example were paid for by the War Office and considered part of the British Army, with their officers appearing as such in the ''Army List'' unlike those of many other colonial units deemed auxiliaries. Today, the British Army is the only Home British military force, including the various other forces it has absorbed, though British military units organised on Territorial Army lines remain in British Overseas Territories that are still not considered formally part of the British Army, with only the [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]] and the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] (an amalgam of the old Bermuda Militia Artillery and Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps) appearing on the [[British Army order of precedence|British Army order-of-precedence]] and in the [[Army List]], as well as on the [[Corps Warrant]] (the official list of those British military forces that are considered corps of the British Army).<ref>''The Army List, 1951'', His Majesty's Stationery Office. Column XVI to XIX (pp. 16 to 19)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/10/01/guyana-review/the-british-guiana-volunteer-force/|title=The British Guiana Volunteer Force|date=1 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colonialforces.org/batteries-companies-regiments-and-c|title=Batteries, Companies, Regiments and Corps (Land)|website=CFSG (Q) Inc|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127130254/https://www.colonialforces.org/batteries-companies-regiments-and-c|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>''Bermuda Forts 1612–1957'', Dr. Edward Cecil Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, {{ISBN|0-921560-11-7}}</ref><ref>''Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920'', Lt.-Col. Roger Willock, USMC, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum. {{ISBN|978-0-921560-00-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bermudastamps.co.uk/1988/11/10/military-uniforms-bermuda/|title=1988 Military Uniforms of Bermuda|first=Neil|last=Rigby|date=10 November 1988|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027202435/http://www.bermudastamps.co.uk/1988/11/10/military-uniforms-bermuda/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''A LIST OF THE OFFICERS of the ARMY, (WITH AN ALPHABETICAL INDEX;) OF THE OFFICERS of the ROYAL ARTILLERY, THE ENGINEERS, the MARINE FORCES, AND OF THE OFFICERS on HALF-PAY; AND A SUCCESSION of COLONELS. THE THIRTY-SECOND EDITION.'' War-Office. 31 March 1784</ref><ref>''THE NEW ANNUAL ARMY LIST, MILITIA LIST, 1854: (BEING THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL VOLUME), CONTAINING THE DATES OF COMMISSIONS, AND A STATEMENT OF THE WAR SERVICES AND WOUNDS OF NEARLY EVERY OFFICER IN THE ARMY, ORDNANCE, AND MARINES. CORRECTED TO 30 December 1853. WITH AN INDEX''. MAJOR H. G. HART, 49TH REGT. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON 1854</ref>

In October 2012 the Ministry of Defence announced that the Territorial Army was to be renamed the Army Reserve.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-19940848|title=Territorial Army 'to be renamed the Army Reserve'|work=BBC News|date=14 October 2012 |access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref>