Editing Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (section)

==Prognosis==
About 30–50% of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have [[Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD in adulthood]], with 2.58% of adults estimated to have ADHD which began in childhood.<ref name="Song_2021" /><ref name="Ginsberg_2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, Casillas M, Upadhyaya HP |title=Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature |journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pmid=25317367 |pmc=4195639 |doi=10.4088/PCC.13r01600 |quote=Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,<sup>5–8</sup> compared with 5%–7% of children.<sup>9,10</sup>&nbsp;... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.<sup>7,15,16</sup>}}</ref>{{Text-source inline|date=August 2022}} Children with ADHD have worse educational outcomes<ref name="fleming_et_al_2017" /> and a higher risk of unintentional injuries.<ref name="Ruiz-Goikoetxea_2017" /> In adults, hyperactivity is often replaced by inner [[Psychomotor agitation|restlessness]], and adults affected are likely to develop [[coping]] mechanisms as they mature, thus compensating to some extent for their previous symptoms.<ref name="Coghill_2017" /><ref name="Art.218" />

The negative impacts of ADHD symptoms contribute to poor health-related quality of life that may be further exacerbated by, or may increase the risk of, other psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression.<ref name="Coghill_2017" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee YC, Yang HJ, Chen VC, Lee WT, Teng MJ, Lin CH, Gossop M |title=Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™ |journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities |volume=51-52 |pages=160–172 |date=1 April 2016 |pmid=26829402 |doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.009}}</ref> Individuals with ADHD may also face misconceptions and stigma.<ref name="Faraone_2021" /> A number of recent studies have found that ADHD is associated with a significant reduction in average life expectancy.<ref name="Barkley & Fischer">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barkley RA, Fischer M |title=Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors |journal=[[Journal of Attention Disorders]] |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages = 907–923 |date=July 2019 |pmid=30526189 |doi=10.1177/1087054718816164 |s2cid=54472439}}</ref><ref name="Adverse_2022" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Nions |first1=Elizabeth |last2=El Baou |first2=Céline |last3=John |first3=Amber |last4=Lewer |first4=Dan |last5=Mandy |first5=Will |last6=McKechnie |first6=Douglas G.J. |last7=Petersen |first7=Irene |last8=Stott |first8=Josh |title=Life expectancy and years of life lost for adults with diagnosed ADHD in the UK: matched cohort study |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |date=23 January 2025 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2024.199|pmid=39844532 |pmc=7617439 |pmc-embargo-date=July 23, 2025 }}</ref> A US study found rates of smoking among those with ADHD are higher than in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McClernon FJ, Kollins SH |title=ADHD and smoking: from genes to brain to behavior |journal=[[Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences]] |volume=1141 |issue=1 |pages=131–147 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18991955 |pmc=2758663 |doi=10.1196/annals.1441.016 |bibcode=2008NYASA1141..131M}}</ref> Positive effects of medication on functional impairment and quality of life (e.g. reduced risk of accidents) have been found across multiple domains.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rohde LA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Tannock R, Franke B |title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=[[Nature Reviews Disease Primers]] |volume=1 |page=15020 |date=August 2015 |pmid=27189265 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2015.20 |s2cid=7171541 |citeseerx=10.1.1.497.1346 |type=Review}}</ref>

Individuals with ADHD are significantly overrepresented in prison populations. Although there is no generally accepted estimate of ADHD prevalence among inmates, a 2015 meta-analysis estimated a prevalence of 25.5%, and a larger 2018 meta-analysis estimated the frequency to be 26.2%.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Baggio S, Fructuoso A, Guimaraes M, Fois E, Golay D, Heller P, Perroud N, Aubry C, Young S, Delessert D, Gétaz L, Tran NT, Wolff H |title=Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Detention Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=[[Frontiers in Psychiatry]] |volume=9 |page=331 |date=2 August 2018 |pmid=30116206 |pmc=6084240 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00331 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

New research in 2025 indicates that adults diagnosed with ADHD may have a shorter lifespan compared to those without the condition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Ellen |date=2025-01-23 |title=People With A.D.H.D. Are Likely to Die Significantly Earlier Than Their Peers, Study Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/23/health/adhd-life-expectancy.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> The study revealed that, on average, men with ADHD lived seven years less than men without ADHD, while women with ADHD had a lifespan nine years shorter than their peers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Nions |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Baou |first2=Céline El |last3=John |first3=Amber |last4=Lewer |first4=Dan |last5=Mandy |first5=Will |last6=McKechnie |first6=Douglas G. J. |last7=Petersen |first7=Irene |last8=Stott |first8=Josh |date=2025-01-23 |title=Life expectancy and years of life lost for adults with diagnosed ADHD in the UK: matched cohort study |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/life-expectancy-and-years-of-life-lost-for-adults-with-diagnosed-adhd-in-the-uk-matched-cohort-study/30B8B109DF2BB33CC51F72FD1C953739 |journal=[[British Journal of Psychiatry]] |language=en |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1192/bjp.2024.199 |pmid=39844532 |pmc=7617439 |pmc-embargo-date=July 23, 2025 |issn=0007-1250 }}</ref> Although the study did not pinpoint exact causes of death, it highlighted that individuals with ADHD were more likely to engage in [[smoking]], [[Alcohol abuse|alcohol misuse]], and face other health challenges such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]], self-harm, or [[personality disorder]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Godoy |first=Maria |date=2025-01-23 |title=Adults with ADHD live shorter lives than those without a diagnosis, a new study finds |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/01/23/nx-s1-5272801/adhd-research-shorter-life-expectancy-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder |access-date=2025-01-25 |work=[[NPR]] |language=en }}</ref>