Editing Asian Americans (section)

===Race-based violence===
{{See also|Yellow Peril|Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States|Anti-Filipino sentiment#United States|Anti-Korean sentiment#United States|Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States|Anti-Indian sentiment#United States|Anti-Pakistan sentiment#United States}}

Asian Americans have been the targets of violence based on their race and or ethnicity. This violence includes, but is not limited to, such events as the [[Rock Springs massacre]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Rock Springs |last=Tanner |first=Russel |author2=Margie Fletcher Shanks |year=2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9780738556420 |page=31 28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KACOt5b4UxwC&q=Rock%20Springs%20Massacre&pg=PA31 |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122543/https://books.google.com/books?id=KACOt5b4UxwC&q=Rock+Springs+Massacre&pg=PA31 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Watsonville Riots]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/riots.html |title=Racial Riots |work=Office of Multicultural Student Services |publisher=[[University of Hawaii]] |access-date=March 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106122739/http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/riots.html |archive-date=January 6, 2012 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Racial hate once flared on Central Coast |url=http://www.pinnaclenews.com/life/contentview.asp?c=198024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719151157/http://www.pinnaclenews.com/life/contentview.asp?c=198024 |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |newspaper=The Weekend Pinnacle Online |date=October 27, 2006 |access-date=March 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}<br />{{cite book|author=Kevin L. Nadal|title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PT144|date=23 March 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-01977-1|page=144|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530012238/https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PT144|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bellingham Riots]] in 1916 against South Asians,<ref>{{cite book|author=Scott Ingram|title=South Asian Americans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIacLMqslyMC&pg=PA23|date=July 2006|publisher=World Almanac Library|isbn=978-0-8368-7318-4|page=23|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530170811/https://books.google.com/books?id=wIacLMqslyMC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite book|author=Seema Sohi|title=Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCnnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937625-4|page=25|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=May 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=fCnnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anti-Japanese sentiment#During World War II|attacks upon Japanese Americans]] following the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Prejudice, war, and the Constitution |last=Tenbroek |first=Jacobus |author2=Edward Norton Barnhart |author3=Floyd W. Matson |year=1975 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520012622 |page=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6il2D3OdrMC&q=anti%20japanese%20attacks%20california%201942&pg=PA352 |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122545/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6il2D3OdrMC&q=anti+japanese+attacks+california+1942&pg=PA352 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[1992 Los Angeles riots#Destruction of Koreatown|Korean American businesses]] targeted during the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Koreans in the hood: conflict with African Americans |last=Chung Kim |first=Kwang |year=1999 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=9780801861048 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA034iKl_EgC&q=Koreans%20attacked%20los%20angeles%20riots&pg=PA146 |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122546/https://books.google.com/books?id=jA034iKl_EgC&q=Koreans+attacked+los+angeles+riots&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}</ref> Attacks on Chinese in the [[American frontier]] were common. This included the slaughter of forty to sixty Chinese miners by [[Northern Paiute|Paiute Indians]] in 1866, during the [[Snake War]], the Los Angeles [[Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871|Chinese massacre]] of 1871, and an attack on Chinese miners at the [[Chinese Massacre Cove]] by [[Cowboy#Regional traditions|cowboys]] in 1887 which resulted in 31 deaths.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bruce Cumings|title=Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sMXoMB-4CEC&pg=PT222|date=17 November 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15497-9|page=222|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=June 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601053857/https://books.google.com/books?id=0sMXoMB-4CEC&pg=PT222|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gregory Michno|title=The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZExU-tGSz8C&pg=PA152|year=2007|publisher=Caxton Press|isbn=978-0-87004-487-8|pages=152–153|access-date=April 12, 2018|archive-date=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530082313/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZExU-tGSz8C&pg=PA152|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1980s, [[assault]]s and other hate crimes were committed against South Asians in New Jersey by a group of [[Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey|Latinos]] known as the [[Dotbusters]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sang Chi |author2=Emily Moberg Robinson |title=Voices of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Experience [2 volumes] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brQrYsWp1gUC&pg=PA297 |date=13 February 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-355-2 |page=297 |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530115536/https://books.google.com/books?id=brQrYsWp1gUC&pg=PA297 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite book |author=Franklin Odo|author-link=Franklin Odo |title=The Columbia Documentary History of the Asian American Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okFtdjfp9FgC&pg=PA411 |year=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11030-3 |page=411 |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530202519/https://books.google.com/books?id=okFtdjfp9FgC&pg=PA411 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the late 1990s, the lone death that occurred during the [[Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting]] by a [[White supremacy#United States|white supremacist]] was a Filipino postal worker.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Streissguth |title=Hate Crimes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odc7v42VwrEC&pg=PA32 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1904-5 |page=32 |access-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530043616/https://books.google.com/books?id=odc7v42VwrEC&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |agency=Los Angeles Times |date=27 March 2001 |title=Racist Gets Life Term for L.A. Rampage / Filipino postal worker killed in hate attack |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Racist-Gets-Life-Term-for-L-A-Rampage-Filipino-2938048.php |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145355/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Racist-Gets-Life-Term-for-L-A-Rampage-Filipino-2938048.php |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Grace |date=9 August 2014 |title=Ileto family remembers Joseph Ileto, slain 15 years ago |url=https://www.dailybulletin.com/2014/08/09/ileto-family-remembers-joseph-ileto-slain-15-years-ago/ |work=Los Angeles Daily Bulletin |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145530/https://www.dailybulletin.com/2014/08/09/ileto-family-remembers-joseph-ileto-slain-15-years-ago/ |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Sanchez |first=Rene |date=13 August 1999 |title=L.A. Shooting Suspect Faces State, U.S. Charges |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/hatecrimes/stories/furrow081399.htm |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=April 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406183909/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/hatecrimes/stories/furrow081399.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 17, 1989, [[Patrick Edward Purdy]], a drifter and former resident of Stockton, California, wen and opened fire on Cleveland Elementary School students in the playground who were mainly of southeast Asian descent. Within minutes, he fired dozens of rounds, although reports ranged. He was armed with two pistols and an AK-47 with a bayonet killing five students and shooting at least 37 others. After the shooting spree Purdy killed himself.<ref>Schoolyard gunman called a troubled drifter, ''The Deseret News'' (January 18, 1989)</ref>

Even when it did not manifest as violence, contempt against Asian Americans was reflected in aspects of popular culture such as the playground chant "[[Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Gregory B.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51722034|title=Chinas unlimited: making the imaginaries of China and Chineseness|date=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-2680-9|location=Honolulu|pages=45|oclc=51722034|access-date=December 5, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122543/https://www.worldcat.org/title/chinas-unlimited-making-the-imaginaries-of-china-and-chineseness/oclc/51722034|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the [[September 11 attacks]], [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh Americans]] were targeted, becoming the victims of numerous [[hate crimes]], including [[murder]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_093002a.html |title=Turbans and Terror: Racism After Sep. 11 |author=Valarie Kuar Brar |date=September 30, 2002 |publisher=The Sikh Times |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928230637/http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_093002a.html |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |title=Sikh killed, others are targeted; Arizona man held |first=Foster |last=Klug |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/attack/39155_backlash17.shtml |newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=September 17, 2001 |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122536/https://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Sikh-killed-others-are-targeted-Arizona-man-held-1065966.php |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite book |title=Handbook of Multicultural Counseling |last=Ponterotto |first=Joseph G. |author2=Lisa A. Suzuki |author3=J. Manuel Casas |author4=Charlene M. Alexander |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=9781412964326 |page=472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puj6Nx42imcC&q=sikhs%20targeted%202001&pg=PA472 |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122542/https://books.google.com/books?id=puj6Nx42imcC&q=sikhs+targeted+2001&pg=PA472 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite book |title=Asian Americans: contemporary trends and issues |last=Min |first=Pyong Gap |year=2006 |publisher=Pine Forge Press |isbn=9781412905565 |page=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&q=asian%20student%20attacked%20san%20francisco&pg=PA216 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122546/https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&q=asian+student+attacked+san+francisco&pg=PA216 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Asian Americans have also been the victims of race-based violence in Brooklyn,<ref name="2005USATODAY">{{cite news |title=Asian youth persistently harassed by U.S. peers |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-11-13-asian-teens-bullied_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |date=November 13, 2005 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-date=October 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002114202/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-11-13-asian-teens-bullied_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Philadelphia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Racial violence spurred Asian students to take a stand |first=Sarah |last=Hoye |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-22/living/philly.school.asian.american.attacks_1_asian-students-chinese-student-association-south-philadelphia-high-school?_s=PM:LIVING |newspaper=CNN |date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129095727/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-22/living/philly.school.asian.american.attacks_1_asian-students-chinese-student-association-south-philadelphia-high-school?_s=PM%3ALIVING |archive-date=January 29, 2011 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Attacked Asian Students Afraid To Go to School |first=Danielle |last=Johnson |url=http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Attacked-Asian-Students-Fear-Returning-to-Class-78652997.html |newspaper=[[WCAU]] |date=December 7, 2009 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403043856/http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Attacked-Asian-Students-Fear-Returning-to-Class-78652997.html |url-status=live }}</ref> San Francisco,<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian American attacks focus at City Hall |author=C.W. Nevius |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Asian-American-attacks-focus-at-City-Hall-3190618.php |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=April 29, 2010 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-date=July 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706141900/http://articles.sfgate.com/2010-04-29/bay-area/20878116_1_city-hall-african-americans-asian-americans |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Bloomington, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Students Attacked At Indiana University |author=Danielle Wiener-Bronner |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/01/asian-students-attacked-a_n_776988.html |work=Huffington Post |date=November 1, 2010 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105144534/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/01/asian-students-attacked-a_n_776988.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, it has been reported that young Asian Americans are more likely to be the targets of violence than their peers.<ref name="2005USATODAY" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Parents and Students Face Challenge of Diversity |first=Hubert |last=Lu |author2=Peter Schurmann |url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=8a49ccad0897d1e28fe15b417c0b4152 |newspaper=Douwei Times |date=July 1, 2007 |access-date=March 22, 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320041747/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=8a49ccad0897d1e28fe15b417c0b4152 |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |df=mdy }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hyvpc/files/2004BYSfullreport.pdf |title=Report of the 2004 Boston Youth Survey |author=Thomas M. Menino |author-link=Thomas Menino |date=August 2005 |work=Harvard Youth Violence Prevention Center |publisher=Harvard School of Public Health |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412190551/http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hyvpc/files/2004BYSfullreport.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy }}</ref> In 2017, racist graffiti and other property damage was done to a community center in [[Little Manila, Stockton, California|Stockton's Little Manila]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Garces |first=Audrey |date=12 October 2017 |title=Little Manila Center Vandalized During Filipino American History Month |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11623045 |work=The California Report |publisher=KQED |location=San Francisco |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145556/https://www.kqed.org/news/11623045 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Layug |first=Margaret Claire |date=12 October 2017 |title=US-based Filipino foundation sees vandalism on property as hate crime |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/629199/us-based-filipino-foundation-sees-vandalism-on-property-as-hate-crime/story/ |work=GMA News |location=Philippines |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145950/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/news/629199/us-based-filipino-foundation-sees-vandalism-on-property-as-hate-crime/story/ |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Guillermo |first=Emil |date=13 October 2017 |title=Not-so-little act of hate at Stockton's Little Manila |url=http://usa.inquirer.net/7265/not-little-act-hate-stocktons-little-manila |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |location=Makati City |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412150900/http://usa.inquirer.net/7265/not-little-act-hate-stocktons-little-manila |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anti-Asian racism in the United States|Racism and discrimination]] still persist against Asian Americans, occurring not only against recent immigrants but also against well-educated and highly trained professionals.<ref>{{cite book |title=Working with Asian Americans: A Guide for Clinicians |last=Lee |first=Evelyn |year=2000 |publisher=Guilford Press |location=New York |isbn=9781572305700 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLXmf749kmAC&q=Religions%20%22Asian%20Americans%22&pg=PA22 |access-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122547/https://books.google.com/books?id=PLXmf749kmAC&q=Religions+%22Asian+Americans%22&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Recent waves of immigration of Asian Americans to largely African American neighborhoods have led to cases of severe racial tension.<ref>[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-07-23/news/1998204099_1_korean-tension-city-meetings Baltimore Sun: "Black, Korean tension is focus U.S. civil rights panel to meet in Baltimore" By Erin Texeira] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927183440/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-07-23/news/1998204099_1_korean-tension-city-meetings |date=September 27, 2015 }} July 23, 1998</ref> Acts of large-scale violence against Asian American students by their black classmates have been reported in multiple cities.<ref>[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2010-01-22-asian-bullying-philadelphia_N.htm USA Today: "Bullying against Asian students roils Philadelphia high school"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917055147/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2010-01-22-asian-bullying-philadelphia_n.htm |date=September 17, 2015 }} January 22, 2010<br />[http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/10/22/philly.school.asian.american.attacks/index.html CNN: "Racial violence spurred Asian students to take a stand" By Sarah Hoye] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708064850/http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/10/22/philly.school.asian.american.attacks/index.html |date=July 8, 2015 }} October 22, 2010<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/05/09/race_and_resentment_105419.html |title=Race and Resentment |first=Thomas |last=Sowell |date=May 9, 2010 |publisher=Real Clear Politics |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214052558/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/05/09/race_and_resentment_105419.html |archive-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> In October 2008, 30 black students chased and attacked 5 Asian students at [[South Philadelphia High School]],<ref name=Teague4>Teague, Matthew. "Heroes: South Philly High's Protesters." ''[[Philadelphia (magazine)|Philadelphia]]'' (magazine). August 2010. [http://www.phillymag.com/articles/heroes-south-philly-high-s-protesters/4/ 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801064913/http://www.phillymag.com/articles/heroes-south-philly-high-s-protesters/4/ |date=August 1, 2015 }}. Retrieved on May 4, 2016,</ref> and a similar attack on Asian students occurred at the same school one year later, prompting a protest by Asian students in response.<ref name=Teague8>Teague, Matthew. "Heroes: South Philly High's Protesters." ''[[Philadelphia (magazine)|Philadelphia]]'' (magazine). August 2010. [http://www.phillymag.com/articles/heroes-south-philly-high-s-protesters/8/ 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120200/http://www.phillymag.com/articles/heroes-south-philly-high-s-protesters/8/ |date=May 25, 2017 }}. Retrieved on January 31, 2013.</ref>

Asian-owned businesses have been a frequent target of tensions between black and Asian Americans. During the 1992 Los Angeles riots, more than 2000 Korean-owned businesses were looted or burned by groups of African Americans.<ref>{{cite book |title=Koreans in the Hood: Conflict With African Americans |last=Kim |first=Kwang Chung |year=1999 |publisher=JHU Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |isbn=9780801861048 |page=250 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA034iKl_EgC |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529204155/https://books.google.com/books?id=jA034iKl_EgC |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite book |title=Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots |last1=Abelmann |first1=Nancy |last2=Lie |first2=John |year=1995 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674077058 |page=288 |access-date=July 29, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BawoT007lesC |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530112930/https://books.google.com/books?id=BawoT007lesC |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite journal |last=Kim |first=Rose M. |title=3. "Violence and Trauma as Constitutive Elements in Korean American Racial Identity Formation: The 1992 L.A. Riots/Insurrection/Saigu." |journal=Ethnic & Racial Studies |year=2012 |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1999–2018 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2011.602090|s2cid=144670407 }}</ref> From 1990 to 1991, a high-profile, racially motivated [[Family Red Apple Boycott|boycott]] of an Asian-owned shop in Brooklyn was organized by a local [[black nationalist]] activist, eventually resulting in the owner being forced to sell his business.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman, Walter. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/12/movies/review-television-the-boycotting-of-a-korean-grocery-in-brooklyn.html "Review/Television; The Boycotting of a Korean Grocery in Brooklyn"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809054356/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/12/movies/review-television-the-boycotting-of-a-korean-grocery-in-brooklyn.html |date=August 9, 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''. July 12, 1990</ref> Another racially motivated boycott against an Asian-owned business occurred in Dallas in 2012, after an Asian American clerk fatally shot an African American who had robbed his store.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/31/2012013100895.html |title=Racial Tension Rising in Dallas Against Korean Community |work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |date=January 31, 2012 |access-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-date=February 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152622/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/31/2012013100895.html |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20120205-tensions-flare-in-protest-of-south-dallas-gas-station.ece |title=Racial tensions flare in protest of South Dallas gas station |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |date=February 5, 2012 |access-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060536/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20120205-tensions-flare-in-protest-of-south-dallas-gas-station.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Ferguson unrest]] in 2014, Asian-owned businesses were looted,<ref>{{cite news|last=Mak|first=Tim|date=August 20, 2014|title=Ferguson's Other Race Problem: Riots Damaged Asian-Owned Stores|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/20/ferguson-s-other-race-problem-riots-damaged-asian-owned-stores.html|newspaper=The Daily Beast|publisher=[[The Daily Beast Company LLC]]|access-date=August 21, 2014|archive-date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821053809/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/20/ferguson-s-other-race-problem-riots-damaged-asian-owned-stores.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Asian-owned stores were looted during the [[2015 Baltimore protests]] while African American-owned stores were bypassed.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nurith |last=Aizenmen |title=Baltimore Unrest Reveals Tensions Between African-Americans And Asians |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/04/30/403231749/baltimore-unrest-reveals-tensions-between-african-americans-and-asian-owned-busi |newspaper=NPR |date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=June 16, 2015 |archive-date=June 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621210551/http://www.npr.org/2015/04/30/403231749/baltimore-unrest-reveals-tensions-between-african-americans-and-asian-owned-busi |url-status=live }}</ref> Violence against Asian Americans continue to occur based on their race,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/05/09/race_and_resentment_105419.html |title=Race and Resentment |author=Thomas Sowell |date=May 9, 2010 |publisher=Real Clear Politics |access-date=March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214052558/http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/05/09/race_and_resentment_105419.html |archive-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> with one source asserting that Asian Americans are the fastest-growing targets of [[hate crime]]s and [[violence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asian-nation.org/racism.shtml |title=Anti-Asian Racism & Violence |author=C.N. Le |date=March 21, 2011 |publisher=asian-nation.org |access-date=March 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430174336/http://www.asian-nation.org/racism.shtml |archive-date=April 30, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]], concern has grown due to an increase in anti-Asian sentiment in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sumagaysay |first=Levi |date=24 May 2020 |title=Asian Americans bear brunt of blame for COVID-19 |agency=Bay City News Service |url=https://danvillesanramon.com/news/2020/05/24/asian-americans-bear-brunt-of-blame-for-covid-19 |work=DanvilleSanRamon.com |publisher=Embarcadero Media |location=Pleasanton, California |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603172501/https://danvillesanramon.com/news/2020/05/24/asian-americans-bear-brunt-of-blame-for-covid-19 |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Yam |first=Kimmy |date=13 May 2020 |title=NBC News hosts town hall on rise of anti-Asian sentiment amid coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/nbc-news-hosts-town-hall-rise-anti-asian-sentiment-amid-n1206256 |work=NBC News |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525175119/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/nbc-news-hosts-town-hall-rise-anti-asian-sentiment-amid-n1206256 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ChenTrinhYang2020>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=H. Alexander |last2=Trinh |first2=Jessica |date=16 May 2020 |title=Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States – COVID-19 and history |journal=American Journal of Surgery |volume= 220|issue= 3|pages= 556–557|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.020 |pmid=32425201 |pmc=7229717 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In March 2020, President Donald Trump called the disease "China Virus" and "Kung-Flu", based on its origin; in response organizations such as Asian Americans Advancing Justice and Western States Center, stated that doing so will increase anti-Asian sentiment and violence.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |last1=Reichmann |first1=Deb |first2=Terry |last2=Tang |date=18 March 2020 |title=Donald Trump dubs COVID-19 'Chinese virus' despite hate crime risks for Asian Americans |url=https://abc7news.com/chinese-flu-wuhan-kung-flu-coronavirus-news/6025822/ |work=KGO |location=San Francisco |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420185435/https://abc7news.com/chinese-flu-wuhan-kung-flu-coronavirus-news/6025822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Vox'' wrote that the Trump Administration's use of the terms "China Virus", "Kung-Flu", and "Wuhan virus" would lead to an increase in [[xenophobia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Dylan |date=18 March 2020 |title=Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus |work=Vox |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=March 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318212026/https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus |url-status=live }}</ref> The disease naming controversy occurred at a time when the Chinese Foreign Ministry was claiming that the disease originated in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/china-covid19-origin-narrative |title=Coronavirus Conspiracy Claims: What's Behind a Chinese Diplomat's COVID-19 Misdirection |last1=Molter |first1=Vanessa |date=31 March 2020 |last2=Webster |first2=Graham |website=Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=24 May 2002 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110160854/https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/china-covid19-origin-narrative |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last1=Sardarizdeh |first1=Shayan |last2=Robinson |first2=Olga |date=26 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: US and China trade conspiracy theories |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52224331 |work=BBC News |location=United Kingdom |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524135817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52224331 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States|Violent acts, relating to the disease]], against Asian Americans have been documented mostly in New York, California, and elsewhere.<ref name=ChenTrinhYang2020 /><ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Maya |date=28 March 2020 |title=Asian-Americans in Minnesota face insults, hostility during virus outbreak |url=https://www.startribune.com/local-asian-americans-face-insults-hostility/569178982/?refresh=true |work=Star Tribune |location=Minnesota |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530004637/https://www.startribune.com/local-asian-americans-face-insults-hostility/569178982/?refresh=true |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Kristine |date=21 May 2020 |title='We just want to be safe': Hate crimes, harassment of Asian Americans rise amid coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/05/20/coronavirus-hate-crimes-against-asian-americans-continue-rise/5212123002/ |work=USA Today |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522134754/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/05/20/coronavirus-hate-crimes-against-asian-americans-continue-rise/5212123002/ |url-status=live }}<br />{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/reports-of-anti-asian-assaults-harassment-and-hate-crimes-rise-as-coronavirus-spreads |title=Reports of Anti-Asian Assaults, Harassment and Hate Crimes Rise as Coronavirus Spreads |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 May 2020 |website=adl.org |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |location=New York |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=May 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526014402/https://www.adl.org/blog/reports-of-anti-asian-assaults-harassment-and-hate-crimes-rise-as-coronavirus-spreads |url-status=live }}</ref> As of December 31, 2020, there were 259 reports of anti-Asian incidents in New York reported to [[Stop AAPI Hate]].<ref name="NBC Boston">{{cite web |title=Race Discrimination Not Black and White as Asians Face Surging Attacks During Pandemic |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/lx/remember-racism-isnt-just-black-and-white-anti-asian-racism-is-on-the-rise-in-the-pandemic-era/2300776/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818042730/https://www.nbcboston.com/lx/remember-racism-isnt-just-black-and-white-anti-asian-racism-is-on-the-rise-in-the-pandemic-era/2300776/| archive-date=2021-08-18 | website=NBC Boston |access-date=15 February 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of March 2021, there have been more than 3800 anti-Asian racist incidents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yam |first1=Kimmy |title=There were 3,800 anti-Asian racist incidents, mostly against women, in past year |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/there-were-3-800-anti-asian-racist-incidents-mostly-against-n1261257 |access-date=19 May 2021 |agency=NBC News |date=March 16, 2021}}</ref> A notable incident was the [[2021 Atlanta spa shootings]], a fatal attack in which six of the eight casualties were of Asian descent. The shooter reportedly said "I'm going to kill all Asians".<ref>Hwang, Ji-yoon (March 17, 2021). "애틀랜타 총격 범인, 아시아인 다 죽이겠다 말해" [Atlanta shooter tells me I'm going to kill all Asians]. Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved March 17, 2021.</ref>