Editing Amphetamine (section)

==History, society, and culture==
{{Main|History and culture of substituted amphetamines}}
{{Global estimates of illegal drug users}}
[[File:Tickets_and_benzedrine_tubes_linked_to_Jack_Kerouac's_life.JPG|thumb|Tickets and benzedrine tubes linked to [[Jack Kerouac]]'s life]]

Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] who named it ''phenylisopropylamine'';<ref name="Vermont">{{cite web |url=http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005022228/http://healthvermont.gov/adap/meth/brief_history.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2012 |title=Historical overview of methamphetamine | website=Vermont Department of Health | publisher=Government of Vermont | access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Rassool GH | title=Alcohol and Drug Misuse: A Handbook for Students and Health Professionals | year=2009 | publisher=Routledge | location=London, England | isbn=9780203871171 | page=113}}</ref><ref name="SynthHistory" /> its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by [[Gordon Alles]] and reported to have [[sympathomimetic]] properties.<ref name="SynthHistory">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A |title=Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review |journal=Progress in Neurobiology|volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=406–433 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15955613 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003|s2cid=2359509 }}</ref> Amphetamine had no medical use until late 1933, when [[Smith, Kline and French]] began selling it as an [[inhaler]] under the brand name [[History of Benzedrine|Benzedrine]] as a decongestant.<ref name="Benzedrine">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rasmussen N | title=Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950 | journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences| volume=61 | issue=3 | pages=288–323 | date=July 2006 | pmid=16492800 | doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 | s2cid=24974454 | quote = However the firm happened to discover the drug, SKF first packaged it as an inhaler so as to exploit the base's volatility and, after sponsoring some trials by East Coast otolaryngological specialists, began to advertise the Benzedrine Inhaler as a decongestant in late 1933.}}</ref> Benzedrine sulfate was introduced 3&nbsp;years later and was used to treat a wide variety of [[medical condition]]s, including [[narcolepsy]], [[obesity]], [[low blood pressure]], [[Hypoactive sexual desire disorder|low libido]], and [[chronic pain]], among others.<ref name="Benzedrine sulfate">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bett WR | title = Benzedrine sulphate in clinical medicine; a survey of the literature | journal =Postgraduate Medical Journal| volume = 22 | issue = 250 | pages = 205–218 | date = August 1946 | pmid = 20997404 | pmc = 2478360 | doi = 10.1136/pgmj.22.250.205}}</ref><ref name="Benzedrine" /> During [[World War II]], amphetamine and [[methamphetamine]] were used extensively by both the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and [[Axis powers|Axis]] forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects.<ref name="Vermont" /><ref>{{cite journal | author = Rasmussen N | title=Medical science and the military: the Allies' use of amphetamine during World War II | journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History| date=August 2011 | volume=42 | issue=2 | pages=205–233 | pmid=22073434 | doi=10.1162/JINH_a_00212 | s2cid=34332132 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22849208">{{cite journal |vauthors=Defalque RJ, Wright AJ | title = Methamphetamine for Hitler's Germany: 1937 to 1945 | journal =Bulletin of Anesthesia History| volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 21–24, 32 | date=April 2011 | pmid = 22849208 | doi = 10.1016/s1522-8649(11)50016-2}}</ref> As the addictive properties of the drug became known, governments began to place strict controls on the sale of amphetamine.<ref name="Vermont" /> For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, amphetamine became a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule II controlled substances|schedule&nbsp;II controlled substance]] under the [[Controlled Substances Act]].<ref name=":USAS2" /> In spite of strict government controls, amphetamine has been used legally or illicitly by people from a variety of backgrounds, including authors,<ref>{{cite web | author = Gyenis A | website = wordsareimportant.com | publisher = DHARMA beat | title = Forty Years of ''On the Road'' 1957–1997| url = http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm | access-date = 18 March 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080214171739/http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ontheroad.htm | archive-date = 14 February 2008}}</ref> musicians,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mixing the Medicine: The unintended consequence of amphetamine control on the Northern Soul Scene | vauthors = Wilson A |url=http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Wilson%20-%20Mixing%20the%20Medicine.pdf |journal=Internet Journal of Criminology |year=2008 |access-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713045851/http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Wilson%20-%20Mixing%20the%20Medicine.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2011 }}</ref> mathematicians,<ref>{{cite web | title = Paul Erdos, Mathematical Genius, Human (In That Order) |url = http://www.untruth.org/~josh/math/Paul%20Erd%F6s%20bio-rev2.pdf | author = Hill J | access-date = 2 November 2013 | date = 4 June 2004}}</ref> and athletes.<ref name="Ergogenics" />

Amphetamine is illegally synthesized in [[clandestine chemistry|clandestine labs]] and sold on the [[black market]], primarily in European countries.<ref name="WDR2014">{{cite web | title = World Drug Report 2014 | veditors = Mohan J | date = June 2014 | page = 3 | website = United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime | url = https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2014/World_Drug_Report_2014_web.pdf | access-date = 18 August 2014 }}</ref> Among European Union (EU) member states {{As of|alt=in 2018|2018|post=,}} 11.9&nbsp;million adults of ages {{nowrap|15–64}} have used amphetamine or methamphetamine at least once in their lives and 1.7&nbsp;million have used either in the last year.<ref name="Bulletin2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2018/gps_en|title=Statistical Bulletin 2018&nbsp;− prevalence of drug use|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |access-date=5 February 2019}}</ref> During 2012, approximately 5.9&nbsp;[[metric ton]]s of illicit amphetamine were seized within EU member states;<ref name="EMCDDA 2014">{{cite report|date=May 2014|title=European drug report 2014: Trends and developments|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_228272_EN_TDAT14001ENN.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_228272_EN_TDAT14001ENN.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|location=Lisbon, Portugal|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|pages=13, 24|doi=10.2810/32306|issn=2314-9086|access-date=18 August 2014|quote=1.2 million or 0.9% of young adults (15–34) used amphetamines in the last year|author1=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs Drug Addiction }}</ref> the "street price" of illicit amphetamine within the EU ranged from {{nowrap|[[Euro|€]]6–38}}&nbsp;per gram during the same period.<ref name="EMCDDA 2014" /> Outside Europe, the illicit market for amphetamine is much smaller than the market for methamphetamine and MDMA.<ref name="WDR2014" />

===Legal status===
As a result of the [[United Nations]] 1971 [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]], amphetamine became a schedule&nbsp;II controlled substance, as defined in the treaty, in all 183 state parties.<ref name="UN Convention">{{cite web|title=Convention on psychotropic substances |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en |archive-date=31 March 2016 |website=United Nations Treaty Collection |publisher=United Nations |access-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, it is heavily regulated in most countries.<ref name="UNODC2007">{{cite book | author = United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime | title = Preventing Amphetamine-type Stimulant Use Among Young People: A Policy and Programming Guide | publisher = United Nations | location = New York, US | year = 2007 | isbn = 9789211482232 | url = http://www.unodc.org/pdf/youthnet/ATS.pdf | access-date = 11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = List of psychotropic substances under international control | website = International Narcotics Control Board | publisher = United Nations | url = http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | access-date = 19 November 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051205125434/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf | archive-date= 5 December 2005 |date=August 2003}}</ref> Some countries, such as South Korea and Japan, have banned substituted amphetamines even for medical use.<ref name="urlMoving to Korea brings medical, social changes">{{cite web | url = https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/10/319_111757.html | title = Moving to Korea brings medical, social changes | website = The Korean Times | date = 25 May 2012 | access-date = 14 November 2013 | author = Park Jin-seng}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/topics/import/ | title = Importing or Bringing Medication into Japan for Personal Use | website = Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | access-date=3 November 2013 | date=1 April 2004}}</ref> In other nations, such as Brazil ([[Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act|class A3]]),<ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=31 March 2023 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control |url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=3 August 2023 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> Canada ([[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act|schedule&nbsp;I drug]]),<ref name="Canada Control">{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html#h-28 |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act |website=Canadian Justice Laws Website |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122143804/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-24.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> the Netherlands ([[Opium Law|List I drug]]),<ref name="Opiumwet">{{cite web | url = http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/geldigheidsdatum_03-08-2009 | title = Opiumwet | publisher = Government of the Netherlands | access-date = 3 April 2015 }}</ref> the United States ([[List of Schedule II drugs (US)|schedule II drug]]),<ref name=":USAS2" /> Australia ([[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons#Schedule 8 Controlled Drug|schedule&nbsp;8]]),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Poisons Standard | section = Schedule 8 | section-url = https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Text#_Toc420496378 | url = https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Text | publisher = Australian Government Department of Health | access-date = 15 December 2015 | date = October 2015}}</ref> Thailand ([[Law of Thailand#Criminal Law|category&nbsp;1 narcotic]]),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308001155/http://narcotic.fda.moph.go.th/faq/upload/Thai%20Narcotic%20Act%202012.doc._37ef.pdf | title = Table of controlled Narcotic Drugs under the Thai Narcotics Act | website = Thailand Food and Drug Administration | date = 22 May 2013 | access-date = 11 November 2013 | archive-date=8 March 2014 }}</ref> and United Kingdom ([[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971|class&nbsp;B drug]]),<ref>{{cite web | title = Class A, B and C drugs | website = Home Office, Government of the United Kingdom | url = http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/ | access-date = 23 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/ | archive-date = 4 August 2007 }}</ref> amphetamine is in a restrictive national drug schedule that allows for its use as a medical treatment.<ref name="WDR2014" /><ref name="Nonmedical">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S | title = Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature | journal =Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry| volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–31 |date=January 2008 | pmid = 18174822 | doi = 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1 | quote=Stimulant misuse appears to occur both for performance enhancement and their euphorogenic effects, the latter being related to the intrinsic properties of the stimulants (e.g., IR versus ER profile)&nbsp;...<br /><br />Although useful in the treatment of ADHD, stimulants are controlled II substances with a history of preclinical and human studies showing potential abuse liability.}}</ref>