Editing 1982 Lebanon War (section)

==War crimes==
{{Main|Sabra and Shatila massacre#U.N. condemnation}}
On 16 December 1982, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of [[genocide]].<ref>[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429183049/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/426/01/IMG/NR042601.pdf?OpenElement |date=29 April 2012 }} Retrieved 4 January 2010. (If link doesn't work, try: [https://www.un.org/ U.N.]→ welcome → documents → General Assembly Resolutions → 1982 → 37/123.)</ref>
The voting record<ref>[http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares37123d#focus Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604072753/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares37123d#focus |date=4 June 2011 }} Retrieved 4 January 2010,</ref><ref name=LK-37>[[Leo Kuper]], "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses", in George J. Andreopoulos, ''Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1616-5}}, p. 37.</ref><ref name=WS-455>{{cite book|first=William|last= Schabas|title=Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes|url=https://archive.org/details/genocideinternat00scha_610|url-access=limited|isbn=978-0-521-71900-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/genocideinternat00scha_610/page/n474 455]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009}}</ref> on section D of Resolution 37/123, which "resolves that the massacre was an act of genocide", was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The abstentions were: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany (Federal Republic), [[Iceland]], Ireland, Italy, [[Luxembourg]], the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom, U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Israel]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Barbados]] and [[Dominican Republic]]. Some delegates disputed the claim that the massacre constituted [[genocide]].

In 1982, an international commission investigated into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. Chairman was [[Seán MacBride]], the other members were [[Richard Falk]], [[Kader Asmal]], Brian Bercusson, Géraud de la Pradelle, and Stefan Wild. The commission's report<ref name="MacBride 1983 191–2">{{cite book
|last1=MacBride|first1=Seán|last2=Asmal|first2=A. K.|last3=Bercusson|first3=B.|last4=Falk|first4=R. A.|last5=de la Pradelle|first5=G.|last6=Wild|first6=S.|title=Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon|publisher=Ithaca Press|year=1983|location=London
|page=191|isbn=978-0-903729-96-3}}</ref> concluded that "the government of Israel has committed acts of aggression contrary to international law", that the government of Israel had no valid reasons under international law for its invasion of Lebanon, and that the Israeli authorities or forces were directly or indirectly responsible for the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|massacres and killings]], which have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September.<ref name="MacBride 1983 191–2"/>

Following a four-month investigation, on 8 February 1983, the [[Kahan Commission]] submitted its report, which was released to the public by spokesman Bezalel Gordon simultaneously in Hebrew and English. It concluded that direct responsibility rested with the Gemayel Phalangists led by Fadi Frem, and that no Israelis were deemed directly responsible, although Israel was held to be indirectly responsible:
:The decision on the entry of the Phalangists into the refugee camps was taken without consideration of the danger – which the makers and executors of the decision were obligated to foresee as probable – the Phalangists would commit massacres and pogroms against the inhabitants of the camps, and without an examination of the means for preventing this danger.
:Similarly, it is clear from the course of events that when the reports began to arrive about the actions of the Phalangists in the camps, no proper heed was taken of these reports, the correct conclusions were not drawn from them, and no energetic and immediate action were taken to restrain the Phalangists and put a stop to their actions.