Editing Vikings (section)

==Genetic legacy==
Margaryan et al. 2020 analysed 442 Viking world individuals from various archaeological sites in Europe.<ref name="Margaryan2">{{Cite journal|last1=Margaryan|first1=Ashot|last2=Lawson|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Sikora|first3=Martin|last4=Racimo|first4=Fernando|last5=Rasmussen|first5=Simon|last6=Moltke|first6=Ida|last7=Cassidy|first7=Lara M.|last8=Jørsboe|first8=Emil|last9=Ingason|first9=Andrés|last10=Pedersen|first10=Mikkel W.|last11=Korneliussen|first11=Thorfinn|date=September 2020|title=Population genomics of the Viking world|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=585|issue=7825|pages=390–396|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8|pmid=32939067|bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M|issn=1476-4687|hdl=10852/83989|s2cid=221769227|hdl-access=free|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326025602/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8|url-status=live}}</ref> They were found to be closely related to modern Scandinavians. The Y-DNA composition of the individuals in the study was also similar to that of modern Scandinavians. The most common Y-DNA haplogroup was [[Haplogroup I-M253|I1]] (95 samples), followed by [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]] (84 samples) and [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]], especially (but not exclusively) of the Scandinavian R1a-Z284 subclade (61 samples). The study showed what many historians have hypothesised: that it was common for Norseman settlers to marry foreign women. Some individuals from the study, such as those found in [[Foggia]], displayed typical Scandinavian Y-DNA haplogroups but also southern European autosomal ancestry, suggesting that they were the descendants of Viking settler males and local women. The five individual samples from Foggia were likely [[Normans]]. The same pattern of a combination of Scandinavian Y-DNA and local autosomal ancestry is seen in other samples from the study, for example [[Varangians]] buried near [[lake Ladoga]] and Vikings in England, suggesting that Viking men had married into local families in those places too.<ref name="Margaryan2" />

The study found evidence of a Swedish influx into Estonia and Finland; and Norwegian influx into Ireland, Iceland and Greenland during the Viking Age. However, the authors commented "Viking Age Danish-like ancestry in the British Isles cannot be distinguished from that of the Angles and Saxons, who migrated in the fifth to sixth centuries AD from Jutland and northern Germany".<ref name="Margaryan2" />

Margaryan et al. 2020 examined the skeletal remains of 42 individuals from the [[Salme ships|Salme ship burials]] in Estonia. The skeletal remains belonged to warriors killed in battle who were later buried together with numerous valuable weapons and armour. DNA testing and isotope analysis revealed that the men came from central Sweden.<ref name="Margaryan2" />

Female descent studies show evidence of Norse descent in areas closest to Scandinavia, such as the Shetland and [[Orkney Islands|Orkney islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1086/318785| title = MtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry| year = 2001| last1 = Helgason | first1 = A. | last2 = Hickey | first2 = E. | last3 = Goodacre | first3 = S. | last4 = Bosnes | first4 = V. | last5 = Stefánsson | first5 = K. R. | last6 = Ward | first6 = R. | last7 = Sykes | first7 = B. | journal = The American Journal of Human Genetics| volume = 68| issue = 3| pages = 723–37 | pmid=11179019 | pmc=1274484}}</ref> Inhabitants of lands farther away show most Norse descent in the male [[Y chromosome|Y-chromosome]] lines.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487303/Vikings-who-chose-a-home-in-Shetland-before-a-life-of-pillage.html Roger Highfield, "Vikings who chose a home in Shetland before a life of pillage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418164357/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1487303/Vikings-who-chose-a-home-in-Shetland-before-a-life-of-pillage.html |date=18 April 2018}}, ''Telegraph'', 7 April 2005. Retrieved 16 November 2008</ref>

A specialised genetic and surname study in [[Liverpool]] showed marked Norse heritage: up to 50% of males of families that lived there before the years of industrialisation and population expansion.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Excavating Past Population Structures by Surname-Based Sampling; The Genetic Legacy of the Vikings in Northwest England, Georgina R. Bowden, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20 November 2007 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=301–09 |date=20 November 2007 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm255 |pmid=18032405 |pmc=2628767 |last1=Bowden |first1=G. R. |last2=Balaresque |first2=P. |last3=King |first3=T. E. |last4=Hansen |first4=Z. |last5=Lee |first5=A. C. |last6=Pergl-Wilson |first6=G. |last7=Hurley |first7=E. |last8=Roberts |first8=S. J. |last9=Waite |first9=P. |last10=Jesch |first10=J. |last11=Jones |first11=A. L. |last12=Thomas |first12=M. G. |last13=Harding |first13=S. E. |last14=Jobling |first14=M. A. }}</ref> High percentages of Norse inheritance—tracked through the R-M420 haplotype—were also found among males in the [[Wirral Peninsula|Wirral]] and [[West Lancashire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/capelli2_CB.pdf |title=A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles, Capelli, Current Biology, Vol. 13, May 27, 2003 |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901035019/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/capelli2_CB.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This was similar to the percentage of Norse inheritance found among males in the Orkney Islands.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/dec/03/britishidentity.jamesranderson James Randerson, "Proof of Liverpool's Viking past"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124075504/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/dec/03/britishidentity.jamesranderson |date=24 January 2017 }}, ''The Guardian'', 3 December 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2008</ref>

Recent research suggests that the [[Celt]]ic warrior [[Somerled]], who drove the Vikings out of western Scotland and was the progenitor of [[Clan Donald]], may have been of [[List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures|Viking descent]], a member of haplogroup R-M420.<ref name="scotsman">{{cite news |url=http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/DNA-shows-Celtic-hero-Somerleds.2621296.jp |title=DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots |work=The Scotsman |date=26 April 2005 |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605103544/http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/DNA-shows-Celtic-hero-Somerleds.2621296.jp |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Margaryan et al. 2020 examined an elite warrior burial from [[Bodzia Cemetery|Bodzia]] (Poland) dated to 1010–1020 AD. The cemetery in Bodzia is exceptional in terms of Scandinavian and Kievian Rus links.&nbsp;The Bodzia man (sample VK157, or burial E864/I) was not a simple warrior from the princely retinue, but he belonged to the princely family himself. His burial is the richest one in the whole cemetery. Moreover, strontium analysis of his teeth enamel shows he was not local.&nbsp; It is assumed that he came to Poland with the Prince of Kiev, [[Sviatopolk I of Kiev|Sviatopolk the Accursed]], and met a violent death in combat. This corresponds to the events of 1018 AD when Sviatopolk himself disappeared after having retreated from Kiev to Poland. It cannot be excluded that the Bodzia man was Sviatopolk himself, as the genealogy of the Rurikids at this period is extremely sketchy and the dates of birth of many princes of this dynasty may be quite approximative. The Bodzia man carried haplogroup I1-[[Haplogroup I-Z63|S2077]] and had both Scandinavian ancestry and Russian admixture.<ref name="Margaryan2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Duczko|first=Wladyslaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC|title=Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe|date=1 January 2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13874-2|language=en|access-date=22 January 2021|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031019/https://books.google.com/books?id=hEawXSP4AVwC|url-status=live}}</ref>